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<div class="section" id="module-kitchen.text.converters">
<span id="kitchen-text-converters"></span><h1>Kitchen.text.converters<a class="headerlink" href="#module-kitchen.text.converters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Functions to handle conversion of byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
strings.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen: </span>0.2a2 ; API kitchen.text 2.0.0
Added <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.getwriter" title="kitchen.text.converters.getwriter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getwriter()</span></tt></a></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen: </span>0.2.2 ; API kitchen.text 2.1.0
Added <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_unicode()</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a>,
and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen: </span>1.0.1 ; API kitchen.text 2.1.1
Deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> as
we’ve simplified <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_unicode()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> to make it unnecessary</p>
<div class="section" id="byte-strings-and-unicode-in-python2">
<h2>Byte Strings and Unicode in Python2<a class="headerlink" href="#byte-strings-and-unicode-in-python2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python2 has two string types, <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> represents an abstract sequence of text characters. It can
hold any character that is present in the unicode standard. <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> can
hold any byte of data. The operating system and python work together to
display these bytes as characters in many cases but you should always keep in
mind that the information is really a sequence of bytes, not a sequence of
characters. In python2 these types are interchangeable a large amount of the
time. They are one of the few pairs of types that automatically convert when
used in equality:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># string is converted to unicode and then compared</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="s">"I am a string"</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">u"I am a string"</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Other types, like int, don't have this special treatment</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="mi">5</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"5"</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, this automatic conversion tends to lull people into a false sense of
security. As long as you’re dealing with <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> characters the
automatic conversion will save you from seeing any differences. Once you
start using characters that are not in <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a>, you will start getting
<tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeWarning</span></tt> as the automatic conversions
between the types fail:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="s">"I am an ñ"</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">u"I am an ñ"</span>
<span class="go">__main__:1: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Why do these conversions fail? The reason is that the python2
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> type represents an abstract sequence of unicode text known as
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-code-points"><em class="xref std std-term">code points</em></a>. <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, on the other hand, really represents
a sequence of bytes. Those bytes are converted by your operating system to
appear as characters on your screen using a particular encoding (usually
with a default defined by the operating system and customizable by the
individual user.) Although <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> characters are fairly standard in
what bytes represent each character, the bytes outside of the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a>
range are not. In general, each encoding will map a different character to
a particular byte. Newer encodings map individual characters to multiple
bytes (which the older encodings will instead treat as multiple characters).
In the face of these differences, python refuses to guess at an encoding and
instead issues a warning or exception and refuses to convert.</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode-frustrations.html#overcoming-frustration"><em>Overcoming frustration: Correctly using unicode in python2</em></a>
For a longer introduction on this subject.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="strategy-for-explicit-conversion">
<h2>Strategy for Explicit Conversion<a class="headerlink" href="#strategy-for-explicit-conversion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>So what is the best method of dealing with this weltering babble of incoherent
encodings? The basic strategy is to explicitly turn everything into
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> when it first enters your program. Then, when you send it to
output, you can transform the unicode back into bytes. Doing this allows you
to control the encodings that are used and avoid getting tracebacks due to
<tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt>. Using the functions defined in this module, that looks
something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre> 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15</pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kitchen.text.converters</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">raw_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Enter your name: '</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Enter your name: Toshio くらとみ</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">'Toshio \xe3\x81\x8f\xe3\x82\x89\xe3\x81\xa8\xe3\x81\xbf'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><type 'str'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicode_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unicode_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><type 'unicode'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicode_name</span>
<span class="go">u'Toshio \u304f\u3089\u3068\u307f'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Do a lot of other things before needing to save/output again:</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'datafile'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">output</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'Name: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">n'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">unicode_name</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</td></tr></table></div>
<p>A few notes:</p>
<p>Looking at line 6, you’ll notice that the input we took from the user was
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. In general, anytime we’re getting a value from outside
of python (The filesystem, reading data from the network, interacting with an
external command, reading values from the environment) we are interacting with
something that will want to give us a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. Some <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a>
modules and third party libraries will automatically attempt to convert a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings for you. This is both a boon and
a curse. If the library can guess correctly about the encoding that the data
is in, it will return <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> objects to you without you having to
convert. However, if it can’t guess correctly, you may end up with one of
several problems:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The library attempted to decode a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into
a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>, string failed, and raises an exception.</dd>
<dt>Garbled data</dt>
<dd>If the library returns the data after decoding it with the wrong encoding,
the characters you see in the <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string won’t be the ones that
you expect.</dd>
<dt>A byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> instead of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string</dt>
<dd>Some libraries will return a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string when they’re able to
decode the data and a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> when they can’t. This is
generally the hardest problem to debug when it occurs. Avoid it in your
own code and try to avoid or open bugs against upstreams that do this. See
<a class="reference internal" href="designing-unicode-apis.html#designingunicodeawareapis"><em>Designing Unicode Aware APIs</em></a> for strategies to do this properly.</dd>
</dl>
<p>On line 8, we convert from a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string.
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> does this for us. It has some
error handling and sane defaults that make this a nicer function to use than
calling <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str.decode" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.decode()</span></tt></a> directly:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Instead of defaulting to the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> encoding which fails with all
but the simple American English characters, it defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>.</li>
<li>Instead of raising an error if it cannot decode a value, it will replace
the value with the unicode “Replacement character” symbol (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">�</span></tt>).</li>
<li>If you happen to call this method with something that is not a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>, it will return an empty <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>All three of these can be overridden using different keyword arguments to the
function. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> documentation for more information.</p>
<p>On line 15 we push the data back out to a file. Two things you should note here:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>We deal with the strings as <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> until the last instant. The
string format that we’re using is <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and the variable also
holds <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>. People sometimes get into trouble when they mix
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> format with a variable that holds a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
string (or vice versa) at this stage.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a>, does the reverse of
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a>. In this case, we’re using the default values which
turn <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> using <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>. Any
errors are replaced with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">�</span></tt> and sending nonstring objects yield empty
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings. Just like <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a>, you can look at
the documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> to find out how to override any of
these defaults.</li>
</ol>
<div class="section" id="when-to-use-an-alternate-strategy">
<h3>When to use an alternate strategy<a class="headerlink" href="#when-to-use-an-alternate-strategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The default strategy of decoding to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings when you take
data in and encoding to a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> when you send the data back out
works great for most problems but there are a few times when you shouldn’t:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The values aren’t meant to be read as text</li>
<li>The values need to be byte-for-byte when you send them back out – for
instance if they are database keys or filenames.</li>
<li>You are transferring the data between several libraries that all expect
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p>In each of these instances, there is a reason to keep around the byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> version of a value. Here’s a few hints to keep your sanity in
these situations:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Keep your <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> values separate. Just like the
pain caused when you have to use someone else’s library that returns both
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> you can cause yourself pain if you have
functions that can return both types or variables that could hold either
type of value.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Name your variables so that you can tell whether you’re storing byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. One of the first things you end
up having to do when debugging is determine what type of string you have in
a variable and what type of string you are expecting. Naming your
variables consistently so that you can tell which type they are supposed to
hold will save you from at least one of those steps.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">When you get values initially, make sure that you’re dealing with the type
of value that you expect as you save it. You can use <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#isinstance" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance()</span></tt></a>
or <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> since <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> doesn’t do any modifications of
the string if it’s already a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. When using <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a>
for this purpose you might want to use:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">b_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_should_be_bytes_already</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'strict'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nonstring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'strict'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">handle_errors_somehow</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The reason is that the default of <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> will take characters
that are illegal in the chosen encoding and transform them to replacement
characters. Since the point of keeping this data as a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is
to keep the exact same bytes when you send it outside of your code,
changing things to replacement characters should be rasing red flags that
something is wrong. Setting <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">errors</span></tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> will raise an
exception which gives you an opportunity to fail gracefully.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Sometimes you will want to print out the values that you have in your byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. When you do this you will need to make sure that you
transform <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> before combining them. Also be
sure that any other function calls (including <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a>) are going to
give you strings that are the same type. For instance:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Username: </span><span class="si">%(user)s</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'user'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">b_username</span><span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="gotchas-and-how-to-avoid-them">
<h2>Gotchas and how to avoid them<a class="headerlink" href="#gotchas-and-how-to-avoid-them" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Even when you have a good conceptual understanding of how python2 treats
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> there are still some things that can
surprise you. In most cases this is because, as noted earlier, python or one
of the python libraries you depend on is trying to convert a value
automatically and failing. Explicit conversion at the appropriate place
usually solves that.</p>
<div class="section" id="str-obj">
<h3>str(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#str-obj" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>One common idiom for getting a simple, string representation of an object is to use:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Unfortunately, this is not safe. Sometimes str(obj) will return
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>. Sometimes it will return a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. Sometimes,
it will attempt to convert from a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string to a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, fail, and throw a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt>. To be safe from all of
these, first decide whether you need <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to be
returned. Then use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> to get the simple
representation like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">u_representation</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nonstring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'simplerepr'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">b_representation</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nonstring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'simplerepr'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="print">
<h3>print<a class="headerlink" href="#print" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>python has a builtin <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> statement that outputs strings to the
terminal. This originated in a time when python only dealt with byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. When <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings came about, some enhancements
were made to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> statement so that it could print those as well.
The enhancements make <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> work most of the time. However, the times
when it doesn’t work tend to make for cryptic debugging.</p>
<p>The basic issue is that <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> has to figure out what encoding to use
when it prints a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string to the terminal. When python is
attached to your terminal (ie, you’re running the interpreter or running
a script that prints to the screen) python is able to take the encoding value
from your locale settings <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_ALL</span></tt> or <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_CTYPE</span></tt> and print the
characters allowed by that encoding. On most modern Unix systems, the
encoding is <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> which means that you can print any <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
character without problem.</p>
<p>There are two common cases of things going wrong:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Someone has a locale set that does not accept all valid unicode characters.
For instance:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ LC_ALL=C python
>>> print u'\ufffd'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\ufffd' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)</pre>
</div>
<p>This often happens when a script that you’ve written and debugged from the
terminal is run from an automated environment like <strong class="program">cron</strong>. It
also occurs when you have written a script using a <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> aware
locale and released it for consumption by people all over the internet.
Inevitably, someone is running with a locale that can’t handle all unicode
characters and you get a traceback reported.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You redirect output to a file. Python isn’t using the values in
<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_ALL</span></tt> unconditionally to decide what encoding to use. Instead
it is using the encoding set for the terminal you are printing to which is
set to accept different encodings by <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_ALL</span></tt>. If you redirect
to a file, you are no longer printing to the terminal so <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_ALL</span></tt>
won’t have any effect. At this point, python will decide it can’t find an
encoding and fallback to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> which will likely lead to
<tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt> being raised. You can see this in a short script:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#! /usr/bin/python -tt</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">u'</span><span class="se">\ufffd</span><span class="s">'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then look at the difference between running it normally and redirecting to a file:</p>
<div class="highlight-console"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">$</span> ./test.py
<span class="go">�</span>
<span class="gp">$</span> ./test.py > t
<span class="go">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="go"> File "test.py", line 3, in <module></span>
<span class="go"> print u'\ufffd'</span>
<span class="go">UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\ufffd' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The short answer to dealing with this is to always use bytes when writing
output. You can do this by explicitly converting to bytes like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kitchen.text.converters</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span>
<span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u'</span><span class="se">\ufffd</span><span class="s">'</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or you can wrap stdout and stderr with a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a>.
A <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> is convenient in that you can assign it to
encode for <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></tt></a> and then have output
automatically converted but it has the drawback of still being able to throw
<tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt> if the writer can’t encode all possible unicode
codepoints. Kitchen provides an alternate version which can be retrieved with
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.getwriter" title="kitchen.text.converters.getwriter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">kitchen.text.converters.getwriter()</span></tt></a> which will not traceback in its
standard configuration.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="unicode-str-and-dict-keys">
<span id="unicode-and-dict-keys"></span><h3>Unicode, str, and dict keys<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-str-and-dict-keys" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hash" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash()</span></tt></a> of the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> characters is the same for
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. When you use them in <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>
keys, they evaluate to the same dictionary slot:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u'a'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'a'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b_string</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(12416037344, 12416037344)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'unicode'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">b_string</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'bytes'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span>
<span class="go">{u'a': 'bytes'}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When you deal with key values outside of <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a>, <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> evaluate unequally no matter what their character content or
hash value:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u'ñ'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">u_string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">u_string</span>
<span class="go">ñ</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">b_string</span>
<span class="go">ñ</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'unicode'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">b_string</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'bytes'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span>
<span class="go">{u'\\xf1': 'unicode', '\\xc3\\xb1': 'bytes'}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b_string2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">xf1'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b_string2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(30848092528, 30848092528)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'unicode'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">b_string2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'bytes'</span>
<span class="go">{u'\\xf1': 'unicode', '\\xf1': 'bytes'}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>How do you work with this one? Remember rule #1: Keep your <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
and byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> values separate. That goes for keys in a dictionary
just like anything else.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">For any given dictionary, make sure that all your keys are either
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. <strong>Do not mix the two.</strong> If you’re being
given both <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> but you don’t need to preserve
separate keys for each, I recommend using <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> to convert all keys to one type or the other like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kitchen.text.converters</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">to_unicode</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u'one'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'two'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b_string</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span>
<span class="go">{u'two': 2, u'one': 1}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">These issues also apply to using dicts with tuple keys that contain
a mixture of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. Once again the best fix
is to standardise on either <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you absolutely need to store values in a dictionary where the keys could
be either <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> you can use
<a class="reference internal" href="api-collections.html#kitchen.collections.strictdict.StrictDict" title="kitchen.collections.strictdict.StrictDict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StrictDict</span></tt></a> which has separate
entries for all <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and deals correctly
with any <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt> containing mixed <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> and byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="functions">
<h1>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="unicode-and-byte-str-conversion">
<h2>Unicode and byte str conversion<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-and-byte-str-conversion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">to_unicode</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em>, <em>nonstring=None</em>, <em>non_string=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an object into a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>obj</strong> – Object to convert to a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. This should
normally be a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></li>
<li><strong>encoding</strong> – What encoding to try converting the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> as.
Defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a></li>
<li><strong>errors</strong> – If errors are found while decoding, perform this action.
Defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace</span></tt> which replaces the invalid bytes with
a character that means the bytes were unable to be decoded. Other
values are the same as the error handling schemes in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">codec base
classes</a>.
For instance <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> which raises an exception and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore</span></tt> which
simply omits the non-decodable characters.</li>
<li><strong>nonstring</strong> – <p>How to treat nonstring values. Possible values are:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">simplerepr:</th><td class="field-body">Attempt to call the object’s “simple representation”
method and return that value. Python-2.3+ has two methods that
try to return a simple representation: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__unicode__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__unicode__()</span></tt></a>
and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__str__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__str__()</span></tt></a>. We first try to get a usable value
from <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__unicode__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__unicode__()</span></tt></a>. If that fails we try the same
with <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__str__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__str__()</span></tt></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">empty:</th><td class="field-body">Return an empty <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">strict:</th><td class="field-body">Raise a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">passthru:</th><td class="field-body">Return the object unchanged</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">repr:</th><td class="field-body">Attempt to return a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string of the repr of the
object</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplerepr</span></tt></p>
</li>
<li><strong>non_string</strong> – <em>Deprecated</em> Use <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> instead</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>TypeError</strong> – if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and
a non-<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">basestring</span></tt> object is passed in or if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt>
is set to an unknown value</li>
<li><strong>UnicodeDecodeError</strong> – if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">errors</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span></tt> is not decodable using the given encoding</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string or the original object depending on the
value of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Usually this should be used on a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> but it can take both
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings intelligently. Nonstring
objects are handled in different ways depending on the setting of the
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> parameter.</p>
<p>The default values of this function are set so as to always return
a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string and never raise an error when converting from
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. However, when you do
not pass validly encoded text (or a nonstring object), you may end up with
output that you don’t expect. Be sure you understand the requirements of
your data, not just ignore errors by passing it through this function.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 0.2.1a2: </span>Deprecated <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">non_string</span></tt> in favor of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> parameter and changed
default value to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplerepr</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">to_bytes</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em>, <em>nonstring=None</em>, <em>non_string=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an object into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>obj</strong> – Object to convert to a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. This should normally
be a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string.</li>
<li><strong>encoding</strong> – Encoding to use to convert the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string
into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. Defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a>.</li>
<li><strong>errors</strong> – <p>If errors are found while encoding, perform this action.
Defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace</span></tt> which replaces the invalid bytes with
a character that means the bytes were unable to be encoded. Other
values are the same as the error handling schemes in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">codec base
classes</a>.
For instance <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> which raises an exception and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore</span></tt> which
simply omits the non-encodable characters.</p>
</li>
<li><strong>nonstring</strong> – <p>How to treat nonstring values. Possible values are:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">simplerepr:</th><td class="field-body">Attempt to call the object’s “simple representation”
method and return that value. Python-2.3+ has two methods that
try to return a simple representation: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__unicode__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__unicode__()</span></tt></a>
and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__str__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__str__()</span></tt></a>. We first try to get a usable value
from <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__str__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__str__()</span></tt></a>. If that fails we try the same
with <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__unicode__" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">object.__unicode__()</span></tt></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">empty:</th><td class="field-body">Return an empty byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">strict:</th><td class="field-body">Raise a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">passthru:</th><td class="field-body">Return the object unchanged</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">repr:</th><td class="field-body">Attempt to return a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> of the <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></tt> of the
object</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplerepr</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><strong>non_string</strong> – <em>Deprecated</em> Use <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> instead.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>TypeError</strong> – if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and
a non-<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">basestring</span></tt> object is passed in or if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt>
is set to an unknown value.</li>
<li><strong>UnicodeEncodeError</strong> – if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">errors</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and all of the
bytes of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span></tt> are unable to be encoded using <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or the original object depending on the value
of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>If you pass a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into this function the byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is returned unmodified. It is <strong>not</strong> re-encoded with
the specified <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>. The easiest way to achieve that is:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="last">The initial <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> call will ensure text is
a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. Then, <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> will turn that into
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> with the specified encoding.</p>
</div>
<p>Usually, this should be used on a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string but it can take
either a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string intelligently.
Nonstring objects are handled in different ways depending on the setting
of the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> parameter.</p>
<p>The default values of this function are set so as to always return a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and never raise an error when converting from unicode to
bytes. However, when you do not pass an encoding that can validly encode
the object (or a non-string object), you may end up with output that you
don’t expect. Be sure you understand the requirements of your data, not
just ignore errors by passing it through this function.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 0.2.1a2: </span>Deprecated <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">non_string</span></tt> in favor of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonstring</span></tt> parameter
and changed default value to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplerepr</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.getwriter">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">getwriter</tt><big>(</big><em>encoding</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.getwriter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.StreamWriter</span></tt></a> that resists tracing back.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><strong>encoding</strong> – Encoding to use for transforming <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings
into byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.StreamWriter</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> that you can instantiate to wrap output
streams to automatically translate <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings into <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This is a reimplemetation of <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.getwriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a> that returns
a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> that resists issuing tracebacks. The
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> that is returned uses
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes()</span></tt></a> to convert <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
strings into byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. The departures from
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.getwriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a> are:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> that is returned will take byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> as well as <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings. Any byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> will be passed through unmodified.</li>
<li>The default error handler for unknown bytes is to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace</span></tt> the bytes
with the unknown character (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></tt> in most ascii-based encodings, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">�</span></tt>
in the utf encodings) whereas <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.getwriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a> defaults to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt>. Like <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.StreamWriter</span></tt></a>, the returned
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></tt></a> can have its error handler changed in
code by setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stream.errors</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">'new_handler_name'</span></tt></li>
</ol>
<p>Example usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ LC_ALL=C python
>>> import sys
>>> from kitchen.text.converters import getwriter
>>> UTF8Writer = getwriter('utf-8')
>>> unwrapped_stdout = sys.stdout
>>> sys.stdout = UTF8Writer(unwrapped_stdout)
>>> print 'caf\xc3\xa9'
café
>>> print u'caf\xe9'
café
>>> ASCIIWriter = getwriter('ascii')
>>> sys.stdout = ASCIIWriter(unwrapped_stdout)
>>> print 'caf\xc3\xa9'
café
>>> print u'caf\xe9'
caf?</pre>
</div>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last">API docs for <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.StreamWriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.StreamWriter</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.getwriter" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a>
and <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PrintFails">Print Fails</a> on the
python wiki.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version kitchen: </span>0.2a2, API: kitchen.text 1.1.0</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.to_str">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">to_str</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>Deprecated</em></p>
<p>This function converts something to a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> if it isn’t one.
It’s used to call <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#str" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">str()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#unicode" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode()</span></tt></a> on the object to get its
simple representation without danger of getting a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt>.
You should be using <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> explicitly
instead.</p>
<p>If you need <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nonstring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'simplerepr'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you need byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nonstring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'simplerepr'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.to_utf8">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">to_utf8</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em>, <em>non_string='passthru'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_utf8" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>Deprecated</em></p>
<p>Convert <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> to an encoded <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.
You should be using <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> instead:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">to_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">non_string</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'passthru'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="transformation-to-xml">
<h2>Transformation to XML<a class="headerlink" href="#transformation-to-xml" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">unicode_to_xml</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>attrib=False</em>, <em>control_chars='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Take a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string and turn it into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>
suitable for xml</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>string</strong> – <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string to encode into an XML compatible byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></li>
<li><strong>encoding</strong> – encoding to use for the returned byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.
Default is to encode to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>. If some of the characters in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">string</span></tt> are not encodable in this encoding, the unknown
characters will be entered into the output string using xml character
references.</li>
<li><strong>attrib</strong> – If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>, quote the string for use in an xml
attribute. If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#False" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> (default), quote for use in an xml text
field.</li>
<li><strong>control_chars</strong> – <p><a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> are not allowed in XML
documents. When we encounter those we need to know what to do. Valid
options are:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">replace:</th><td class="field-body">(default) Replace the control characters with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">ignore:</th><td class="field-body">Remove the characters altogether from the output</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">strict:</th><td class="field-body">Raise an <a class="reference internal" href="api-exceptions.html#kitchen.text.exceptions.XmlEncodeError" title="kitchen.text.exceptions.XmlEncodeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">XmlEncodeError</span></tt></a> when
we encounter a <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-character"><em class="xref std std-term">control character</em></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="api-exceptions.html#kitchen.text.exceptions.XmlEncodeError" title="kitchen.text.exceptions.XmlEncodeError"><strong>kitchen.text.exceptions.XmlEncodeError</strong></a> – If <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">control_chars</span></tt>
is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and the string to be made suitable for output to
xml contains <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> or if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">string</span></tt> is not
a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string then we raise this exception.</li>
<li><strong>ValueError</strong> – If <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">control_chars</span></tt> is set to something other than
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore</span></tt>, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">representation of the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string as a valid XML
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>XML files consist mainly of text encoded using a particular charset. XML
also denies the use of certain bytes in the encoded text (example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ASCII</span>
<span class="pre">Null</span></tt>). There are also special characters that must be escaped if they
are present in the input (example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><</span></tt>). This function takes care of
all of those issues for you.</p>
<p>There are a few different ways to use this function depending on your
needs. The simplest invocation is like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'String with non-ASCII characters: <"á と">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will return the following to you, encoded in <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s">'String with non-ASCII characters: &lt;"á と"&gt;'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pretty straightforward. Now, what if you need to encode your document in
something other than <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a>? For instance, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">latin-1</span></tt>? Let’s
see:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'String with non-ASCII characters: <"á と">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'latin-1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="s">'String with non-ASCII characters: &lt;"á &#12392;"&gt;'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Because the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">と</span></tt> character is not available in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">latin-1</span></tt> charset,
it is replaced with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#12392;</span></tt> in our output. This is an xml character
reference which represents the character at unicode codepoint <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">12392</span></tt>, the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">と</span></tt> character.</p>
<p>When you want to reverse this, use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml_to_unicode()</span></tt></a> which will turn
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string and replace the xml
character references with the unicode characters.</p>
<p>XML also has the quirk of not allowing <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> in its
output. The <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">control_chars</span></tt> parameter allows us to specify what to
do with those. For use cases that don’t need absolute character by
character fidelity (example: holding strings that will just be used for
display in a GUI app later), the default value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace</span></tt> works well:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'String with disallowed control chars: </span><span class="se">\u0000\u0007</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="s">'String with disallowed control chars: ??'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you do need to be able to reproduce all of the characters at a later
date (examples: if the string is a key value in a database or a path on a
filesystem) you have many choices. Here are a few that rely on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt>,
a verbose encoding that encodes <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> (as well as
non-<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> unicode values) to characters from within the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> printable characters. The good thing about doing this is
that the code is pretty simple. You just need to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt> both when
encoding the field for xml and when decoding it for use in your python
program:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u'String with unicode: と and control char: </span><span class="se">\u0007</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf7'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="s">'String with unicode: +MGg and control char: +AAc-'</span>
<span class="c"># [...]</span>
<span class="n">xml_to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'String with unicode: +MGg and control char: +AAc-'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf7'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="s">u'String with unicode: と and control char: </span><span class="se">\u0007</span><span class="s">'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As you can see, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt> encoding will transform even characters that
would be representable in <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a>. This can be a drawback if you
want unicode characters in the file to be readable without being decoded
first. You can work around this with increased complexity in your
application code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'utf-8'</span>
<span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">u'String with unicode: と and control char: </span><span class="se">\u0007</span><span class="s">'</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c"># First attempt to encode to utf8</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'strict'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">XmlEncodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c"># Fallback to utf-7</span>
<span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'utf-7'</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unicode_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'strict'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">write_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'<mytag encoding=</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">></span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"></mytag>'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c"># [...]</span>
<span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attributes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span>
<span class="n">u_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xml_to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">u_string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using code similar to that, you can have some fields encoded using your
default encoding and fallback to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt> if there are <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control
characters</em></a> present.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If your goal is to preserve the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> you cannot
save the entire file as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt> and set the xml encoding parameter
to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-7</span></tt> if your goal is to preserve the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control
characters</em></a>. Because XML doesn’t allow <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a>,
you have to encode those separate from any encoding work that the XML
parser itself knows about.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>if you’re dealing with bytes that are non-text or of an unknown
encoding that you must preserve on a byte for byte level.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">guess_encoding_to_xml()</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>if you’re dealing with strings in unknown encodings that you don’t
need to save with char-for-char fidelity.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_unicode">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">xml_to_unicode</tt><big>(</big><em>byte_string</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Transform a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> from an xml file into a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
string</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>byte_string</strong> – byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to decode</li>
<li><strong>encoding</strong> – encoding that the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is in</li>
<li><strong>errors</strong> – What to do if not every character is valid in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> documentation for legal
values.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string decoded from <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function attempts to reverse what <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode_to_xml()</span></tt></a> does. It
takes a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> (presumably read in from an xml file) and
expands all the html entities into unicode characters and decodes the byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. One thing it cannot do is
restore any <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> that were removed prior to
inserting into the file. If you need to keep such characters you need to
use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a> or use on of the
strategies documented in <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode_to_xml()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.byte_string_to_xml">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">byte_string_to_xml</tt><big>(</big><em>byte_string</em>, <em>input_encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em>, <em>output_encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>attrib=False</em>, <em>control_chars='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.byte_string_to_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Make sure a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is validly encoded for xml output</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>byte_string</strong> – Byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to turn into valid xml output</li>
<li><strong>input_encoding</strong> – Encoding of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt>. Default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></tt></li>
<li><strong>errors</strong> – <p>How to handle errors encountered while decoding the
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt> into <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> at the beginning of the
process. Values are:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">replace:</th><td class="field-body">(default) Replace the invalid bytes with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">ignore:</th><td class="field-body">Remove the characters altogether from the output</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">strict:</th><td class="field-body">Raise an <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeDecodeError</span></tt> when we encounter
a non-decodable character</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><strong>output_encoding</strong> – Encoding for the xml file that this string will go
into. Default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></tt>. If all the characters in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt> are not encodable in this encoding, the unknown
characters will be entered into the output string using xml character
references.</li>
<li><strong>attrib</strong> – If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>, quote the string for use in an xml
attribute. If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#False" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> (default), quote for use in an xml text
field.</li>
<li><strong>control_chars</strong> – <p>XML does not allow <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a>. When
we encounter those we need to know what to do. Valid options are:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">replace:</th><td class="field-body">(default) Replace the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">ignore:</th><td class="field-body">Remove the characters altogether from the output</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">strict:</th><td class="field-body">Raise an error when we encounter a <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-character"><em class="xref std std-term">control character</em></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>XmlEncodeError</strong> – If <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">control_chars</span></tt> is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and
the string to be made suitable for output to xml contains
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> then we raise this exception.</li>
<li><strong>UnicodeDecodeError</strong> – If errors is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict</span></tt> and the
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt> contains bytes that are not decodable using
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_encoding</span></tt>, this error is raised</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">representation of the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> in the output encoding with
any bytes that aren’t available in xml taken care of.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Use this when you have a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> representing text that you need
to make suitable for output to xml. There are several cases where this
is the case. For instance, if you need to transform some strings encoded
in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">latin-1</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> for output:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">utf8_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">byte_string_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">latin1_string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'latin-1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you already have strings in the proper encoding you may still want to
use this function to remove <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cleaned_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">byte_string_to_xml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">output_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode_to_xml()</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>for other ideas on using this function</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_byte_string">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">xml_to_byte_string</tt><big>(</big><em>byte_string</em>, <em>input_encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em>, <em>output_encoding='utf-8'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_byte_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Transform a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> from an xml file into <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
string</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>byte_string</strong> – byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to decode</li>
<li><strong>input_encoding</strong> – encoding that the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is in</li>
<li><strong>errors</strong> – What to do if not every character is valid in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_unicode()</span></tt></a> docstring for legal
values.</li>
<li><strong>output_encoding</strong> – Encoding for the output byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string decoded from <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function attempts to reverse what <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode_to_xml()</span></tt></a> does. It
takes a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> (presumably read in from an xml file) and
expands all the html entities into unicode characters and decodes the
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string. One thing it cannot do
is restore any <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-control-characters"><em class="xref std std-term">control characters</em></a> that were removed prior to
inserting into the file. If you need to keep such characters you need to
use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a> or use one of the
strategies documented in <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.unicode_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode_to_xml()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">bytes_to_xml</tt><big>(</big><em>byte_string</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> encoded so it is valid inside of any xml
file</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>byte_string</strong> – byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to transform</li>
<li><strong>**kwargs</strong> (<em>*args,</em>) – extra arguments to this function are passed on to
the function actually implementing the encoding. You can use this to
tweak the output in some cases but, as a general rule, you shouldn’t
because the underlying encoding function is not guaranteed to remain
the same.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> consisting of all <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> characters</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> representation of the input. This will be encoded
using base64.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function is made especially to put binary information into xml
documents.</p>
<p>This function is intended for encoding things that must be preserved
byte-for-byte. If you want to encode a byte string that’s text and don’t
mind losing the actual bytes you probably want to try <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.byte_string_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.byte_string_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte_string_to_xml()</span></tt></a>
or <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">guess_encoding_to_xml()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Although the current implementation uses <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/base64.html#base64.b64encode" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">base64.b64encode()</span></tt></a> and
there’s no plans to change it, that isn’t guaranteed. If you want to
make sure that you can encode and decode these messages it’s best to
use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> if you use this function to encode.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">xml_to_bytes</tt><big>(</big><em>byte_string</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.xml_to_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Decode a string encoded using <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a></p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>byte_string</strong> – byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to transform. This should be a base64
encoded sequence of bytes originally generated by <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li><strong>**kwargs</strong> (<em>*args,</em>) – extra arguments to this function are passed on to
the function actually implementing the encoding. You can use this to
tweak the output in some cases but, as a general rule, you shouldn’t
because the underlying encoding function is not guaranteed to remain
the same.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> that’s the decoded input</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If you’ve got fields in an xml document that were encoded with
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a> then you want to use this function to undecode them.
It converts a base64 encoded string into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Although the current implementation uses <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/base64.html#base64.b64decode" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">base64.b64decode()</span></tt></a> and
there’s no plans to change it, that isn’t guaranteed. If you want to
make sure that you can encode and decode these messages it’s best to
use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.bytes_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_to_xml()</span></tt></a> if you use this function to decode.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">guess_encoding_to_xml</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>output_encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>attrib=False</em>, <em>control_chars='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> suitable for inclusion in xml</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>string</strong> – <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to be transformed into
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> suitable for inclusion in xml. If string is
a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> we attempt to guess the encoding. If we cannot guess,
we fallback to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">latin-1</span></tt>.</li>
<li><strong>output_encoding</strong> – Output encoding for the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>. This
should match the encoding of your xml file.</li>
<li><strong>attrib</strong> – If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>, escape the item for use in an xml
attribute. If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#False" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> (default) escape the item for use in
a text node.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> encoded byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.to_xml">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">to_xml</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>attrib=False</em>, <em>control_chars='ignore'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>Deprecated</em>: Use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml" title="kitchen.text.converters.guess_encoding_to_xml"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">guess_encoding_to_xml()</span></tt></a> instead</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-exception-messages">
<h2>Working with exception messages<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-exception-messages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</tt><em class="property"> = (<function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b230>, <function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b2a8>)</em><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="docutils">
<dt>Tuple of functions to try to use to convert an exception into a string</dt>
<dd><p class="first">representation. Its main use is to extract a string (<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>) from an exception object in <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_unicode()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a>. The functions here will try the exception’s
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args[0]</span></tt> and the exception itself (roughly equivalent to
<cite>str(exception)</cite>) to extract the message. This is only a default and can
be easily overridden when calling those functions. There are several
reasons you might wish to do that. If you have exceptions where the best
string representing the exception is not returned by the default
functions, you can add another function to extract from a different
field:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kitchen.text.converters</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exception_to_unicode</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">message</span>
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">MyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'An Exception message'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">MyError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">exception_to_unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">converters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Another reason would be if you’re converting to a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> and
you know the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> needs to be a non-<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> encoding.
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> but if you convert
into a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> explicitly using a converter then you can choose
a different encoding:</p>
<div class="last highlight-python"><pre>from kitchen.text.converters import (EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS,
exception_to_bytes, to_bytes)
c = [lambda e: to_bytes(e.args[0], encoding='euc_jp'),
lambda e: to_bytes(e, encoding='euc_jp')]
c.extend(EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS)
try:
do_something()
except Exception, e:
log = open('logfile.euc_jp', 'a')
log.write('%s</pre>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>‘ % exception_to_bytes(e, converters=c)</dt>
<dd><blockquote class="first">
<div>log.close()</div></blockquote>
<p>Each function in this list should take the exception as its sole argument
and return a string containing the message representing the exception.
The functions may return the message as a :byte class:<cite>str</cite>,
a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string, or even an object if you trust the object to
return a decent string representation. The <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_unicode()</span></tt></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a> functions will make sure to convert the
string to the proper type before returning.</p>
<p class="last versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.2.2.</span></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</tt><em class="property"> = (<function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b320>, <function to_bytes at 0x7fab7586b050>)</em><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.BYTE_EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>Deprecated</em>: Use <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Tuple of functions to try to use to convert an exception into a string
representation. This tuple is similar to the one in
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> but it’s used with <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exception_to_bytes()</span></tt></a>
instead. Ideally, these functions should do their best to return the data
as a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> but the results will be run through
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes" title="kitchen.text.converters.to_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">to_bytes()</span></tt></a> before being returned.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.2.2.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 1.0.1: </span>Deprecated as simplifications allow <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> to
perform the same function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">exception_to_unicode</tt><big>(</big><em>exc</em>, <em>converters=(<function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b230></em>, <em><function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b2a8>)</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an exception object into a unicode representation</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>exc</strong> – Exception object to convert</li>
<li><strong>converters</strong> – List of functions to use to convert the exception into
a string. See <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> for the default value and
an example of adding other converters to the defaults. The functions
in the list are tried one at a time to see if they can extract
a string from the exception. The first one to do so without raising
an exception is used.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string representation of the exception. The
value extracted by the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">converters</span></tt> will be converted into
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> before being returned using the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a>
encoding. If you know you need to use an alternate encoding add
a function that does that to the list of functions in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">converters</span></tt>)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.text.converters.</tt><tt class="descname">exception_to_bytes</tt><big>(</big><em>exc</em>, <em>converters=(<function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b230></em>, <em><function <lambda> at 0x7fab7586b2a8>)</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.text.converters.exception_to_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an exception object into a str representation</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>exc</strong> – Exception object to convert</li>
<li><strong>converters</strong> – List of functions to use to convert the exception into
a string. See <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> for the default value and
an example of adding other converters to the defaults. The functions
in the list are tried one at a time to see if they can extract
a string from the exception. The first one to do so without raising
an exception is used.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> representation of the exception. The value
extracted by the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">converters</span></tt> will be converted into
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> before being returned using the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">utf-8</em></a> encoding.
If you know you need to use an alternate encoding add a function that
does that to the list of functions in <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">converters</span></tt>)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.2.2.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 1.0.1: </span>Code simplification allowed us to switch to using
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS" title="kitchen.text.converters.EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXCEPTION_CONVERTERS</span></tt></a> as the default value of
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">converters</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Kitchen.text.converters</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#byte-strings-and-unicode-in-python2">Byte Strings and Unicode in Python2</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#strategy-for-explicit-conversion">Strategy for Explicit Conversion</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-to-use-an-alternate-strategy">When to use an alternate strategy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gotchas-and-how-to-avoid-them">Gotchas and how to avoid them</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#str-obj">str(obj)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#print">print</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-str-and-dict-keys">Unicode, str, and dict keys</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#functions">Functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-and-byte-str-conversion">Unicode and byte str conversion</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#transformation-to-xml">Transformation to XML</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-exception-messages">Working with exception messages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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