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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-show(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-show -
Show various types of objects
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git show</em> [options] <object>…</pre>
<div class="attribution">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also
presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by
<em>git diff-tree --cc</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to <em>git ls-tree</em>
with --name-only).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The command takes options applicable to the <em>git diff-tree</em> command to
control how the changes the commit introduces are shown.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<object>…
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The names of objects to show.
For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--pretty[=<format>]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--format=<format>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
<em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:<string></em>. See
the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
format. When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--abbrev-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
name, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of
digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies
diff output, if it is displayed).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-abbrev-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
<code>--abbrev-commit</code> and those options which imply it such as
"--oneline". It also overrides the <em>log.abbrevCommit</em> variable.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--oneline
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
used together.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--encoding[=<encoding>]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
defaults to UTF-8.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--notes[=<ref>]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default
for <code>git log</code>, <code>git show</code> and <code>git whatchanged</code> commands when
there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code> nor <code>--oneline</code> option given
on the command line.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
<em>core.notesRef</em> and <em>notes.displayRef</em> variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With an optional <em><ref></em> argument, show this notes ref instead of the
default notes ref(s). The ref is taken to be in <code>refs/notes/</code> if it
is not qualified.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
"refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-notes
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
"--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
from "refs/notes/bar".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-notes[=<ref>]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--[no-]standard-notes
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
options instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-signature
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
file.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
config option to either another format name, or a
<em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
built-in formats:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>oneline</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><sha1> <title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>short</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit <sha1>
Author: <author></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>medium</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Date: <author date></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><full commit message></code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>full</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><full commit message></code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>fuller</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer date></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><full commit message></code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>email</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>From <sha1> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title line></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code><full commit message></code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>raw</em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are
displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
simplification into account.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>format:<string></em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>format:<string></em> format allows you to specify which information
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
would show something like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>%H</em>: commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%T</em>: tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%P</em>: parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%an</em>: author name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ae</em>: author email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aE</em>: author email (respecting .mailmap, see
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ad</em>: author date (format respects --date= option)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cn</em>: committer name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ce</em>: committer email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cE</em>: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cd</em>: committer date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%d</em>: ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%e</em>: encoding
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%s</em>: subject
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%f</em>: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%b</em>: body
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%B</em>: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%N</em>: commit notes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GG</em>: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%G?</em>: show "G" for a Good signature, "B" for a Bad signature, "U" for a good,
untrusted signature and "N" for no signature
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GS</em>: show the name of the signer for a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GK</em>: show the key used to sign a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gD</em>: reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gd</em>: shortened reflog selector, e.g., <code>stash@{1}</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gn</em>: reflog identity name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gN</em>: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ge</em>: reflog identity email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gE</em>: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gs</em>: reflog subject
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Creset</em>: reset color
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%C(…)</em>: color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option;
adding <code>auto,</code> at the beginning will emit color only when colors are
enabled for log output (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and
respecting the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
terminal). <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
on the next placeholders until the color is switched again.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%n</em>: newline
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%%</em>: a raw <em>%</em>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])</em>: switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em>: make the next placeholder take at
least N columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc)
or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns.
Note that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%<|(<N>)</em>: make the next placeholder take at least until Nth
columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%>(<N>)</em>, <em>%>|(<N>)</em>: similar to <em>%<(<N>)</em>, <em>%<|(<N>)</em>
respectively, but padding spaces on the left
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%>>(<N>)</em>, <em>%>>|(<N>)</em>: similar to <em>%>(<N>)</em>, <em>%>|(<N>)</em>
respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces
than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%><(<N>)</em>, <em>%><|(<N>)</em>: similar to <em>% <(<N>)</em>, <em>%<|(<N>)</em>
respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered)
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
<code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> placeholder will use the "short" decoration
format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command line.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, line-feeds that
immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
placeholder expands to an empty string.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>tformat:</em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it. For example, these two are
equivalent:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git show v1.0.0</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows the tag <code>v1.0.0</code>, along with the object the tags
points at.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git show v1.0.0^{tree}</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows the tree pointed to by the tag <code>v1.0.0</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the
tag <code>v1.0.0</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git show next~10:Documentation/README</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shows the contents of the file <code>Documentation/README</code> as
they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
<code>next</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head
of the branch <code>master</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the core level, Git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
with the data Git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
thing as pathname encoding translation.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
level.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
bytes.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
<em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
have i18n.commitencoding in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <code>i18n.commitencoding</code> in its <code>encoding</code> header. This is to
help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
specify the desired output encoding with
<code>i18n.logoutputencoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<code>i18n.commitencoding</code> is used instead.</p></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2013-06-10 20:01:55 UTC
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