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<div class="section" id="module-cookielib">
<span id="cookielib-cookie-handling-for-http-clients"></span><h1>20.21. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients<a class="headerlink" href="#module-cookielib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> module has been renamed to <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></tt> in
Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-to3"><em class="xref std std-term">2to3</em></a> tool will automatically adapt imports when
converting your sources to Python 3.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/cookielib.py">Lib/cookielib.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> module defines classes for automatic handling of HTTP
cookies. It is useful for accessing web sites that require small pieces of data
– <em class="dfn">cookies</em> – to be set on the client machine by an HTTP response from a
web server, and then returned to the server in later HTTP requests.</p>
<p>Both the regular Netscape cookie protocol and the protocol defined by
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html"><strong>RFC 2965</strong></a> are handled. RFC 2965 handling is switched off by default.
<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html"><strong>RFC 2109</strong></a> cookies are parsed as Netscape cookies and subsequently treated
either as Netscape or RFC 2965 cookies according to the ‘policy’ in effect.
Note that the great majority of cookies on the Internet are Netscape cookies.
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> attempts to follow the de-facto Netscape cookie protocol (which
differs substantially from that set out in the original Netscape specification),
including taking note of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max-age</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">port</span></tt> cookie-attributes
introduced with RFC 2965.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The various named parameters found in <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> and
<em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie2</em> headers (eg. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expires</span></tt>) are
conventionally referred to as <em class="dfn">attributes</em>. To distinguish them from
Python attributes, the documentation for this module uses the term
<em class="dfn">cookie-attribute</em> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>The module defines the following exception:</p>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="cookielib.LoadError">
<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">LoadError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.LoadError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> raise this exception on failure to load
cookies from a file.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">For backwards-compatibility with Python 2.4 (which raised an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a>),
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.LoadError" title="cookielib.LoadError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">LoadError</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following classes are provided:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">CookieJar</tt><big>(</big><em>policy=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>policy</em> is an object implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> interface.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> class stores HTTP cookies. It extracts cookies from HTTP
requests, and returns them in HTTP responses. <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> instances
automatically expire contained cookies when necessary. Subclasses are also
responsible for storing and retrieving cookies from a file or database.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">FileCookieJar</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>delayload=None</em>, <em>policy=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><em>policy</em> is an object implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> interface. For the
other arguments, see the documentation for the corresponding attributes.</p>
<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> which can load cookies from, and perhaps save cookies to, a
file on disk. Cookies are <strong>NOT</strong> loaded from the named file until either the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.load" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.load"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">revert()</span></tt></a> method is called. Subclasses of this class are
documented in section <a class="reference internal" href="#file-cookie-jar-classes"><em>FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">CookiePolicy</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class is responsible for deciding whether each cookie should be accepted
from / returned to the server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">DefaultCookiePolicy</tt><big>(</big><em>blocked_domains=None</em>, <em>allowed_domains=None</em>, <em>netscape=True</em>, <em>rfc2965=False</em>, <em>rfc2109_as_netscape=None</em>, <em>hide_cookie2=False</em>, <em>strict_domain=False</em>, <em>strict_rfc2965_unverifiable=True</em>, <em>strict_ns_unverifiable=False</em>, <em>strict_ns_domain=DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainLiberal</em>, <em>strict_ns_set_initial_dollar=False</em>, <em>strict_ns_set_path=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Constructor arguments should be passed as keyword arguments only.
<em>blocked_domains</em> is a sequence of domain names that we never accept cookies
from, nor return cookies to. <em>allowed_domains</em> if not <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>, this is a
sequence of the only domains for which we accept and return cookies. For all
other arguments, see the documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> objects.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> implements the standard accept / reject rules for
Netscape and RFC 2965 cookies. By default, RFC 2109 cookies (ie. cookies
received in a <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> header with a version cookie-attribute of
1) are treated according to the RFC 2965 rules. However, if RFC 2965 handling
is turned off or <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">rfc2109_as_netscape</span></tt></a> is True, RFC 2109 cookies are
‘downgraded’ by the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> instance to Netscape cookies, by
setting the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt> attribute of the <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> instance to 0.
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> also provides some parameters to allow some
fine-tuning of policy.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">Cookie</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class represents Netscape, RFC 2109 and RFC 2965 cookies. It is not
expected that users of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> construct their own <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a>
instances. Instead, if necessary, call <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">make_cookies()</span></tt> on a
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#module-urllib2" title="urllib2: Next generation URL opening library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>URL opening with automatic cookie handling.</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>HTTP cookie classes, principally useful for server-side code. The
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> modules do not depend on each other.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html">http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html</a></dt>
<dd>The specification of the original Netscape cookie protocol. Though this is
still the dominant protocol, the ‘Netscape cookie protocol’ implemented by all
the major browsers (and <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a>) only bears a passing resemblance to
the one sketched out in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookie_spec.html</span></tt>.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html"><strong>RFC 2109</strong></a> - HTTP State Management Mechanism</dt>
<dd>Obsoleted by RFC 2965. Uses <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> with version=1.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html"><strong>RFC 2965</strong></a> - HTTP State Management Mechanism</dt>
<dd>The Netscape protocol with the bugs fixed. Uses <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie2</em> in
place of <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em>. Not widely used.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://kristol.org/cookie/errata.html">http://kristol.org/cookie/errata.html</a></dt>
<dd>Unfinished errata to RFC 2965.</dd>
</dl>
<p class="last"><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2964.html"><strong>RFC 2964</strong></a> - Use of HTTP State Management</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">
<span id="cookie-jar-objects"></span><h2>20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> objects support the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><em class="xref std std-term">iterator</em></a> protocol for iterating over
contained <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> objects.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> has the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.add_cookie_header">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">add_cookie_header</tt><big>(</big><em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.add_cookie_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add correct <em class="mailheader">Cookie</em> header to <em>request</em>.</p>
<p>If policy allows (ie. the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">rfc2965</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">hide_cookie2</span></tt> attributes of
the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a>‘s <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> instance are true and false
respectively), the <em class="mailheader">Cookie2</em> header is also added when appropriate.</p>
<p>The <em>request</em> object (usually a <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#urllib2.Request" title="urllib2.Request"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2.Request</span></tt></a> instance) must support
the methods <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_full_url()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_host()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_type()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">unverifiable()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_origin_req_host()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">has_header()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_header()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">header_items()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_unredirected_header()</span></tt>,as
documented by <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#module-urllib2" title="urllib2: Next generation URL opening library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">extract_cookies</tt><big>(</big><em>response</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract cookies from HTTP <em>response</em> and store them in the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a>,
where allowed by policy.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> will look for allowable <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> and
<em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie2</em> headers in the <em>response</em> argument, and store cookies
as appropriate (subject to the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.set_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.set_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy.set_ok()</span></tt></a> method’s approval).</p>
<p>The <em>response</em> object (usually the result of a call to <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#urllib2.urlopen" title="urllib2.urlopen"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2.urlopen()</span></tt></a>,
or similar) should support an <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">info()</span></tt> method, which returns an object with
a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getallmatchingheaders()</span></tt> method (usually a <a class="reference internal" href="mimetools.html#mimetools.Message" title="mimetools.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetools.Message</span></tt></a>
instance).</p>
<p>The <em>request</em> object (usually a <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#urllib2.Request" title="urllib2.Request"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2.Request</span></tt></a> instance) must support
the methods <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_full_url()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_host()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">unverifiable()</span></tt>, and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_origin_req_host()</span></tt>, as documented by <a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#module-urllib2" title="urllib2: Next generation URL opening library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></tt></a>. The request is
used to set default values for cookie-attributes as well as for checking that
the cookie is allowed to be set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.set_policy">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">set_policy</tt><big>(</big><em>policy</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.set_policy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> instance to be used.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.make_cookies">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">make_cookies</tt><big>(</big><em>response</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.make_cookies" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> objects extracted from <em>response</em> object.</p>
<p>See the documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies" title="cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">extract_cookies()</span></tt></a> for the interfaces required of
the <em>response</em> and <em>request</em> arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.set_cookie_if_ok">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">set_cookie_if_ok</tt><big>(</big><em>cookie</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.set_cookie_if_ok" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set a <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> if policy says it’s OK to do so.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.set_cookie">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">set_cookie</tt><big>(</big><em>cookie</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.set_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set a <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a>, without checking with policy to see whether or not it
should be set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.clear">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">clear</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>domain</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>name</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clear some cookies.</p>
<p>If invoked without arguments, clear all cookies. If given a single argument,
only cookies belonging to that <em>domain</em> will be removed. If given two arguments,
cookies belonging to the specified <em>domain</em> and URL <em>path</em> are removed. If
given three arguments, then the cookie with the specified <em>domain</em>, <em>path</em> and
<em>name</em> is removed.</p>
<p>Raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if no matching cookie exists.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookieJar.clear_session_cookies">
<tt class="descclassname">CookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">clear_session_cookies</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.clear_session_cookies" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Discard all session cookies.</p>
<p>Discards all contained cookies that have a true <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">discard</span></tt> attribute
(usually because they had either no <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max-age</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expires</span></tt> cookie-attribute,
or an explicit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">discard</span></tt> cookie-attribute). For interactive browsers, the end
of a session usually corresponds to closing the browser window.</p>
<p>Note that the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">save()</span></tt> method won’t save session cookies anyway, unless you
ask otherwise by passing a true <em>ignore_discard</em> argument.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> implements the following additional methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar.save">
<tt class="descclassname">FileCookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">save</tt><big>(</big><em>filename=None</em>, <em>ignore_discard=False</em>, <em>ignore_expires=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.save" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Save cookies to a file.</p>
<p>This base class raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.NotImplementedError" title="exceptions.NotImplementedError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">NotImplementedError</span></tt></a>. Subclasses may leave this
method unimplemented.</p>
<p><em>filename</em> is the name of file in which to save cookies. If <em>filename</em> is not
specified, <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.filename</span></tt> is used (whose default is the value passed to
the constructor, if any); if <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.filename</span></tt> is <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
<p><em>ignore_discard</em>: save even cookies set to be discarded. <em>ignore_expires</em>: save
even cookies that have expired</p>
<p>The file is overwritten if it already exists, thus wiping all the cookies it
contains. Saved cookies can be restored later using the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.load" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.load"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">revert()</span></tt></a> methods.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar.load">
<tt class="descclassname">FileCookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">load</tt><big>(</big><em>filename=None</em>, <em>ignore_discard=False</em>, <em>ignore_expires=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Load cookies from a file.</p>
<p>Old cookies are kept unless overwritten by newly loaded ones.</p>
<p>Arguments are as for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.save" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.save"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">save()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The named file must be in the format understood by the class, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.LoadError" title="cookielib.LoadError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">LoadError</span></tt></a> will be raised. Also, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a> may be raised, for
example if the file does not exist.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">For backwards-compatibility with Python 2.4 (which raised an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a>),
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.LoadError" title="cookielib.LoadError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">LoadError</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert">
<tt class="descclassname">FileCookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">revert</tt><big>(</big><em>filename=None</em>, <em>ignore_discard=False</em>, <em>ignore_expires=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clear all cookies and reload cookies from a saved file.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.revert"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">revert()</span></tt></a> can raise the same exceptions as <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.load" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar.load"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a>. If there is a
failure, the object’s state will not be altered.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> instances have the following public attributes:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar.filename">
<tt class="descclassname">FileCookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">filename</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Filename of default file in which to keep cookies. This attribute may be
assigned to.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.FileCookieJar.delayload">
<tt class="descclassname">FileCookieJar.</tt><tt class="descname">delayload</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar.delayload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If true, load cookies lazily from disk. This attribute should not be assigned
to. This is only a hint, since this only affects performance, not behaviour
(unless the cookies on disk are changing). A <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> object may
ignore it. None of the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> classes included in the standard
library lazily loads cookies.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">
<span id="file-cookie-jar-classes"></span><h2>20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers<a class="headerlink" href="#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The following <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> subclasses are provided for reading and
writing .</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.MozillaCookieJar">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">MozillaCookieJar</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>delayload=None</em>, <em>policy=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.MozillaCookieJar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> that can load from and save cookies to disk in the
Mozilla <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookies.txt</span></tt> file format (which is also used by the Lynx and Netscape
browsers).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Version 3 of the Firefox web browser no longer writes cookies in the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookies.txt</span></tt> file format.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This loses information about RFC 2965 cookies, and also about newer or
non-standard cookie-attributes such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">port</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">Back up your cookies before saving if you have cookies whose loss / corruption
would be inconvenient (there are some subtleties which may lead to slight
changes in the file over a load / save round-trip).</p>
</div>
<p>Also note that cookies saved while Mozilla is running will get clobbered by
Mozilla.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="cookielib.LWPCookieJar">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">cookielib.</tt><tt class="descname">LWPCookieJar</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>delayload=None</em>, <em>policy=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.LWPCookieJar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.FileCookieJar" title="cookielib.FileCookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileCookieJar</span></tt></a> that can load from and save cookies to disk in format
compatible with the libwww-perl library’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Set-Cookie3</span></tt> file format. This is
convenient if you want to store cookies in a human-readable file.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cookiepolicy-objects">
<span id="cookie-policy-objects"></span><h2>20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#cookiepolicy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Objects implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> interface have the following
methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.set_ok">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">set_ok</tt><big>(</big><em>cookie</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.set_ok" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return boolean value indicating whether cookie should be accepted from server.</p>
<p><em>cookie</em> is a <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie" title="cookielib.Cookie"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib.Cookie</span></tt></a> instance. <em>request</em> is an object
implementing the interface defined by the documentation for
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies" title="cookielib.CookieJar.extract_cookies"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar.extract_cookies()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">return_ok</tt><big>(</big><em>cookie</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return boolean value indicating whether cookie should be returned to server.</p>
<p><em>cookie</em> is a <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie" title="cookielib.Cookie"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib.Cookie</span></tt></a> instance. <em>request</em> is an object
implementing the interface defined by the documentation for
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar.add_cookie_header" title="cookielib.CookieJar.add_cookie_header"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar.add_cookie_header()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">domain_return_ok</tt><big>(</big><em>domain</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie domain.</p>
<p>This method is an optimization. It removes the need for checking every cookie
with a particular domain (which might involve reading many files). Returning
true from <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain_return_ok()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">path_return_ok()</span></tt></a> leaves all the
work to <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_ok()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain_return_ok()</span></tt></a> returns true for the cookie domain,
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">path_return_ok()</span></tt></a> is called for the cookie path. Otherwise,
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">path_return_ok()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_ok()</span></tt></a> are never called for that cookie
domain. If <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">path_return_ok()</span></tt></a> returns true, <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_ok()</span></tt></a> is called
with the <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> object itself for a full check. Otherwise,
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_ok()</span></tt></a> is never called for that cookie path.</p>
<p>Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain_return_ok()</span></tt></a> is called for every <em>cookie</em> domain, not just
for the <em>request</em> domain. For example, the function might be called with both
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">".example.com"</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"www.example.com"</span></tt> if the request domain is
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"www.example.com"</span></tt>. The same goes for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">path_return_ok()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The <em>request</em> argument is as documented for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_ok()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">path_return_ok</tt><big>(</big><em>path</em>, <em>request</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie path.</p>
<p>See the documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain_return_ok()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>In addition to implementing the methods above, implementations of the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> interface must also supply the following attributes,
indicating which protocols should be used, and how. All of these attributes may
be assigned to.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.netscape">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">netscape</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.netscape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implement Netscape protocol.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.rfc2965">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">rfc2965</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.rfc2965" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implement RFC 2965 protocol.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.CookiePolicy.hide_cookie2">
<tt class="descclassname">CookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">hide_cookie2</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy.hide_cookie2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Don’t add <em class="mailheader">Cookie2</em> header to requests (the presence of this header
indicates to the server that we understand RFC 2965 cookies).</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The most useful way to define a <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> class is by subclassing
from <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> and overriding some or all of the methods
above. <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> itself may be used as a ‘null policy’ to allow
setting and receiving any and all cookies (this is unlikely to be useful).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="defaultcookiepolicy-objects">
<span id="default-cookie-policy-objects"></span><h2>20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#defaultcookiepolicy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Implements the standard rules for accepting and returning cookies.</p>
<p>Both RFC 2965 and Netscape cookies are covered. RFC 2965 handling is switched
off by default.</p>
<p>The easiest way to provide your own policy is to override this class and call
its methods in your overridden implementations before adding your own additional
checks:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cookielib</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyCookiePolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cookielib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DefaultCookiePolicy</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">set_ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cookie</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">cookielib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DefaultCookiePolicy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cookie</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i_dont_want_to_store_this_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cookie</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In addition to the features required to implement the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a>
interface, this class allows you to block and allow domains from setting and
receiving cookies. There are also some strictness switches that allow you to
tighten up the rather loose Netscape protocol rules a little bit (at the cost of
blocking some benign cookies).</p>
<p>A domain blacklist and whitelist is provided (both off by default). Only domains
not in the blacklist and present in the whitelist (if the whitelist is active)
participate in cookie setting and returning. Use the <em>blocked_domains</em>
constructor argument, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocked_domains()</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_blocked_domains()</span></tt> methods (and the corresponding argument and methods
for <em>allowed_domains</em>). If you set a whitelist, you can turn it off again by
setting it to <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>Domains in block or allow lists that do not start with a dot must equal the
cookie domain to be matched. For example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"example.com"</span></tt> matches a blacklist
entry of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"example.com"</span></tt>, but <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"www.example.com"</span></tt> does not. Domains that do
start with a dot are matched by more specific domains too. For example, both
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"www.example.com"</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"www.coyote.example.com"</span></tt> match <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">".example.com"</span></tt>
(but <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"example.com"</span></tt> itself does not). IP addresses are an exception, and
must match exactly. For example, if blocked_domains contains <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"192.168.1.2"</span></tt>
and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">".168.1.2"</span></tt>, 192.168.1.2 is blocked, but 193.168.1.2 is not.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> implements the following additional methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.blocked_domains">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">blocked_domains</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.blocked_domains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the sequence of blocked domains (as a tuple).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.set_blocked_domains">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">set_blocked_domains</tt><big>(</big><em>blocked_domains</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.set_blocked_domains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the sequence of blocked domains.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.is_blocked">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">is_blocked</tt><big>(</big><em>domain</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.is_blocked" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether <em>domain</em> is on the blacklist for setting or receiving cookies.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.allowed_domains">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">allowed_domains</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.allowed_domains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>, or the sequence of allowed domains (as a tuple).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.set_allowed_domains">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">set_allowed_domains</tt><big>(</big><em>allowed_domains</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.set_allowed_domains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the sequence of allowed domains, or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.is_not_allowed">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">is_not_allowed</tt><big>(</big><em>domain</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.is_not_allowed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether <em>domain</em> is not on the whitelist for setting or receiving
cookies.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a> instances have the following attributes, which are
all initialised from the constructor arguments of the same name, and which may
all be assigned to.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">rfc2109_as_netscape</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If true, request that the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookieJar" title="cookielib.CookieJar"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookieJar</span></tt></a> instance downgrade RFC 2109 cookies
(ie. cookies received in a <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> header with a version
cookie-attribute of 1) to Netscape cookies by setting the version attribute of
the <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> instance to 0. The default value is <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>, in which
case RFC 2109 cookies are downgraded if and only if RFC 2965 handling is turned
off. Therefore, RFC 2109 cookies are downgraded by default.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>General strictness switches:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_domain">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_domain</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_domain" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Don’t allow sites to set two-component domains with country-code top-level
domains like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.co.uk</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gov.uk</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.co.nz</span></tt>.etc. This is far from perfect
and isn’t guaranteed to work!</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>RFC 2965 protocol strictness switches:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_rfc2965_unverifiable</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Follow RFC 2965 rules on unverifiable transactions (usually, an unverifiable
transaction is one resulting from a redirect or a request for an image hosted on
another site). If this is false, cookies are <em>never</em> blocked on the basis of
verifiability</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Netscape protocol strictness switches:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_unverifiable">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_ns_unverifiable</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_unverifiable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>apply RFC 2965 rules on unverifiable transactions even to Netscape cookies</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_domain">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_ns_domain</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_domain" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Flags indicating how strict to be with domain-matching rules for Netscape
cookies. See below for acceptable values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_initial_dollar">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_ns_set_initial_dollar</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_initial_dollar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Ignore cookies in Set-Cookie: headers that have names starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'$'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_path">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">strict_ns_set_path</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.strict_ns_set_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Don’t allow setting cookies whose path doesn’t path-match request URI.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">strict_ns_domain</span></tt> is a collection of flags. Its value is constructed by
or-ing together (for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DomainStrictNoDots|DomainStrictNonDomain</span></tt> means
both flags are set).</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNoDots">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">DomainStrictNoDots</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNoDots" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When setting cookies, the ‘host prefix’ must not contain a dot (eg.
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">www.foo.bar.com</span></tt> can’t set a cookie for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.bar.com</span></tt>, because <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">www.foo</span></tt>
contains a dot).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNonDomain">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">DomainStrictNonDomain</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrictNonDomain" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cookies that did not explicitly specify a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain</span></tt> cookie-attribute can only
be returned to a domain equal to the domain that set the cookie (eg.
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spam.example.com</span></tt> won’t be returned cookies from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">example.com</span></tt> that had no
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">domain</span></tt> cookie-attribute).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainRFC2965Match">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">DomainRFC2965Match</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainRFC2965Match" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When setting cookies, require a full RFC 2965 domain-match.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following attributes are provided for convenience, and are the most useful
combinations of the above flags:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainLiberal">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">DomainLiberal</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainLiberal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to 0 (ie. all of the above Netscape domain strictness flags switched
off).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrict">
<tt class="descclassname">DefaultCookiePolicy.</tt><tt class="descname">DomainStrict</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainStrict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DomainStrictNoDots|DomainStrictNonDomain</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cookie-objects">
<span id="cookielib-cookie-objects"></span><h2>20.21.5. Cookie Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#cookie-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> instances have Python attributes roughly corresponding to the
standard cookie-attributes specified in the various cookie standards. The
correspondence is not one-to-one, because there are complicated rules for
assigning default values, because the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max-age</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expires</span></tt>
cookie-attributes contain equivalent information, and because RFC 2109 cookies
may be ‘downgraded’ by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> from version 1 to version 0 (Netscape)
cookies.</p>
<p>Assignment to these attributes should not be necessary other than in rare
circumstances in a <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.CookiePolicy" title="cookielib.CookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CookiePolicy</span></tt></a> method. The class does not enforce
internal consistency, so you should know what you’re doing if you do that.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.version">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">version</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Integer or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>. Netscape cookies have <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie.version" title="cookielib.Cookie.version"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt></a> 0. RFC 2965 and
RFC 2109 cookies have a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt> cookie-attribute of 1. However, note that
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> may ‘downgrade’ RFC 2109 cookies to Netscape cookies, in which
case <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie.version" title="cookielib.Cookie.version"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt></a> is 0.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.name">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">name</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cookie name (a string).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.value">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cookie value (a string), or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.port">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">port</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.port" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>String representing a port or a set of ports (eg. ‘80’, or ‘80,8080’), or
<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.path">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">path</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cookie path (a string, eg. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/acme/rocket_launchers'</span></tt>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.secure">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">secure</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.secure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if cookie should only be returned over a secure connection.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.expires">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">expires</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.expires" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Integer expiry date in seconds since epoch, or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>. See also the
<a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie.is_expired" title="cookielib.Cookie.is_expired"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_expired()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.discard">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">discard</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.discard" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if this is a session cookie.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.comment">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">comment</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.comment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>String comment from the server explaining the function of this cookie, or
<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.comment_url">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">comment_url</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.comment_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>URL linking to a comment from the server explaining the function of this cookie,
or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.rfc2109">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">rfc2109</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.rfc2109" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if this cookie was received as an RFC 2109 cookie (ie. the cookie
arrived in a <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> header, and the value of the Version
cookie-attribute in that header was 1). This attribute is provided because
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a> may ‘downgrade’ RFC 2109 cookies to Netscape cookies, in
which case <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.Cookie.version" title="cookielib.Cookie.version"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt></a> is 0.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.port_specified">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">port_specified</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.port_specified" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if a port or set of ports was explicitly specified by the server (in the
<em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie</em> / <em class="mailheader">Set-Cookie2</em> header).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.domain_specified">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">domain_specified</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.domain_specified" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if a domain was explicitly specified by the server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.domain_initial_dot">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">domain_initial_dot</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.domain_initial_dot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if the domain explicitly specified by the server began with a dot
(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'.'</span></tt>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Cookies may have additional non-standard cookie-attributes. These may be
accessed using the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.has_nonstandard_attr">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">has_nonstandard_attr</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.has_nonstandard_attr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if cookie has the named cookie-attribute.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.get_nonstandard_attr">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">get_nonstandard_attr</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>default=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.get_nonstandard_attr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If cookie has the named cookie-attribute, return its value. Otherwise, return
<em>default</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.set_nonstandard_attr">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">set_nonstandard_attr</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.set_nonstandard_attr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of the named cookie-attribute.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#module-Cookie" title="Cookie: Support for HTTP state management (cookies)."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt></a> class also defines the following method:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="cookielib.Cookie.is_expired">
<tt class="descclassname">Cookie.</tt><tt class="descname">is_expired</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>now=None</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#cookielib.Cookie.is_expired" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>True if cookie has passed the time at which the server requested it should
expire. If <em>now</em> is given (in seconds since the epoch), return whether the
cookie has expired at the specified time.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<span id="cookielib-examples"></span><h2>20.21.6. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The first example shows the most common usage of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cookielib" title="cookielib: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cookielib</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">urllib2</span>
<span class="n">cj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cookielib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CookieJar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">opener</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">build_opener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPCookieProcessor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cj</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">opener</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://example.com/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example illustrates how to open a URL using your Netscape, Mozilla, or Lynx
cookies (assumes Unix/Netscape convention for location of the cookies file):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">cookielib</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">urllib2</span>
<span class="n">cj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cookielib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MozillaCookieJar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">cj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"~"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">".netscape"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cookies.txt"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">opener</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">build_opener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPCookieProcessor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cj</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">opener</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://example.com/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The next example illustrates the use of <a class="reference internal" href="#cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy" title="cookielib.DefaultCookiePolicy"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultCookiePolicy</span></tt></a>. Turn on
RFC 2965 cookies, be more strict about domains when setting and returning
Netscape cookies, and block some domains from setting cookies or having them
returned:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib2</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">cookielib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CookieJar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DefaultCookiePolicy</span>
<span class="n">policy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DefaultCookiePolicy</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">rfc2965</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">strict_ns_domain</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DefaultCookiePolicy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DomainStrict</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">blocked_domains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"ads.net"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">".ads.net"</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">cj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CookieJar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">policy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">opener</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">build_opener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPCookieProcessor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cj</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">opener</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://example.com/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">20.21. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cookiepolicy-objects">20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cookie-objects">20.21.5. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">20.21.6. Examples</a></li>
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