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<div class="section" id="module-sys">
<span id="sys-system-specific-parameters-and-functions"></span><h1>27.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt></a> — System-specific parameters and functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-sys" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is
always available.</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.argv">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">argv</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.argv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argv[0]</span></tt> is the
script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or
not). If the command was executed using the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><em class="xref std std-option">-c</em></a> command line option to
the interpreter, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argv[0]</span></tt> is set to the string <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></tt>. If no script name
was passed to the Python interpreter, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argv[0]</span></tt> is the empty string.</p>
<p>To loop over the standard input, or the list of files given on the
command line, see the <a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html#module-fileinput" title="fileinput: Loop over standard input or a list of files."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></tt></a> module.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.byteorder">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">byteorder</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.byteorder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An indicator of the native byte order. This will have the value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'big'</span></tt> on
big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'little'</span></tt> on
little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.builtin_module_names">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">builtin_module_names</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.builtin_module_names" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled into this
Python interpreter. (This information is not available in any other way —
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modules.keys()</span></tt> only lists the imported modules.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.call_tracing">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">call_tracing</tt><big>(</big><em>func</em>, <em>args</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.call_tracing" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">func(*args)</span></tt>, while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is saved,
and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from a debugger from
a checkpoint, to recursively debug some other code.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.copyright">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">copyright</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.copyright" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys._clear_type_cache">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">_clear_type_cache</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys._clear_type_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the internal type cache. The type cache is used to speed up attribute
and method lookups. Use the function <em>only</em> to drop unnecessary references
during reference leak debugging.</p>
<p>This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys._current_frames">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">_current_frames</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys._current_frames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a dictionary mapping each thread’s identifier to the topmost stack frame
currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that
functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#module-traceback" title="traceback: Print or retrieve a stack traceback."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">traceback</span></tt></a> module can build the call stack given such a
frame.</p>
<p>This is most useful for debugging deadlock: this function does not require the
deadlocked threads’ cooperation, and such threads’ call stacks are frozen for as
long as they remain deadlocked. The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread
may bear no relationship to that thread’s current activity by the time calling
code examines the frame.</p>
<p>This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.dllhandle">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">dllhandle</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.dllhandle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. Availability: Windows.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.displayhook">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">displayhook</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.displayhook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>value</em> is not <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, this function prints it to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt>, and saves
it in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__builtin__._</span></tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.displayhook</span></tt> is called on the result of evaluating an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-expression"><em class="xref std std-term">expression</em></a>
entered in an interactive Python session. The display of these values can be
customized by assigning another one-argument function to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.displayhook</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.dont_write_bytecode">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">dont_write_bytecode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.dont_write_bytecode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If this is true, Python won’t try to write <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></tt> files on the
import of source modules. This value is initially set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> depending on the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-B"><em class="xref std std-option">-B</em></a> command line option and the
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE"><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE</span></tt></a> environment variable, but you can set it
yourself to control bytecode file generation.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.excepthook">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">excepthook</tt><big>(</big><em>type</em>, <em>value</em>, <em>traceback</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.excepthook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function prints out a given traceback and exception to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></tt>.</p>
<p>When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.excepthook</span></tt> with three arguments, the exception class, exception
instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this happens just
before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just
before the program exits. The handling of such top-level exceptions can be
customized by assigning another three-argument function to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.excepthook</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.__displayhook__">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">__displayhook__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.__displayhook__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.__excepthook__">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">__excepthook__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.__excepthook__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>These objects contain the original values of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">displayhook</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">excepthook</span></tt>
at the start of the program. They are saved so that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">displayhook</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">excepthook</span></tt> can be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken
objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.exc_info">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_info</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exc_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function returns a tuple of three values that give information about the
exception that is currently being handled. The information returned is specific
both to the current thread and to the current stack frame. If the current stack
frame is not handling an exception, the information is taken from the calling
stack frame, or its caller, and so on until a stack frame is found that is
handling an exception. Here, “handling an exception” is defined as “executing
or having executed an except clause.” For any stack frame, only information
about the most recently handled exception is accessible.</p>
<p id="index-1">If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple containing three
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> values is returned. Otherwise, the values returned are <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(type,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span>
<span class="pre">traceback)</span></tt>. Their meaning is: <em>type</em> gets the exception type of the exception
being handled (a class object); <em>value</em> gets the exception parameter (its
<em class="dfn">associated value</em> or the second argument to <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#raise"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">raise</span></tt></a>, which is
always a class instance if the exception type is a class object); <em>traceback</em>
gets a traceback object (see the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call
stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.exc_clear" title="sys.exc_clear"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_clear()</span></tt></a> is called, this function will return three <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> values
until either another exception is raised in the current thread or the execution
stack returns to a frame where another exception is being handled.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">Assigning the <em>traceback</em> return value to a local variable in a function that is
handling an exception will cause a circular reference. This will prevent
anything referenced by a local variable in the same function or by the traceback
from being garbage collected. Since most functions don’t need access to the
traceback, the best solution is to use something like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exctype,</span> <span class="pre">value</span> <span class="pre">=</span>
<span class="pre">sys.exc_info()[:2]</span></tt> to extract only the exception type and value. If you do
need the traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt></a> ... <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt></a> statement) or to call <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_info()</span></tt></a> in
a function that does not itself handle an exception.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Beginning with Python 2.2, such cycles are automatically reclaimed when garbage
collection is enabled and they become unreachable, but it remains more efficient
to avoid creating cycles.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.exc_clear">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_clear</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exc_clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function clears all information relating to the current or last exception
that occurred in the current thread. After calling this function,
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_info()</span></tt></a> will return three <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> values until another exception is
raised in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where
another exception is being handled.</p>
<p>This function is only needed in only a few obscure situations. These include
logging and error handling systems that report information on the last or
current exception. This function can also be used to try to free resources and
trigger object finalization, though no guarantee is made as to what objects will
be freed, if any.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.exc_type">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_type</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exc_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.exc_value">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exc_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.exc_traceback">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_traceback</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exc_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.5: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_info()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current thread, so
their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program. When no exception is being
handled, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_type</span></tt> is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> and the other two are undefined.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.exec_prefix">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exec_prefix</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exec_prefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent
Python files are installed; by default, this is also <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/usr/local'</span></tt>. This can
be set at build time with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--exec-prefix</span></tt> argument to the
<strong class="program">configure</strong> script. Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyconfig.h</span></tt> header file) are installed in the directory
<tt class="file docutils literal"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">/config</span></tt>, and shared library modules are
installed in <tt class="file docutils literal"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">/lib-dynload</span></tt>, where <em>X.Y</em>
is the version number of Python, for example <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.7</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.executable">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">executable</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.executable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string giving the absolute path of the executable binary for the Python
interpreter, on systems where this makes sense. If Python is unable to retrieve
the real path to its executable, <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.executable" title="sys.executable"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.executable</span></tt></a> will be an empty string
or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.exit">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exit</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>arg</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemExit" title="exceptions.SystemExit"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt></a>
exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt></a>
statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at
an outer level.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>arg</em> can be an integer giving the exit status
(defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero
is considered “successful termination” and any nonzero value is considered
“abnormal termination” by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be
in the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems
have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but
these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command
line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of
object is passed, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is equivalent to passing zero, and any other
object is printed to <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">stderr</span></tt></a> and results in an exit code of 1. In
particular, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exit("some</span> <span class="pre">error</span> <span class="pre">message")</span></tt> is a quick way to exit a
program when an error occurs.</p>
<p>Since <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#exit" title="exit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></tt></a> ultimately “only” raises an exception, it will only exit
the process when called from the main thread, and the exception is not
intercepted.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.exitfunc">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">exitfunc</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.exitfunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This value is not actually defined by the module, but can be set by the user (or
by a program) to specify a clean-up action at program exit. When set, it should
be a parameterless function. This function will be called when the interpreter
exits. Only one function may be installed in this way; to allow multiple
functions which will be called at termination, use the <a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></tt></a> module.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The exit function is not called when the program is killed by a signal, when a
Python fatal internal error is detected, or when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os._exit()</span></tt> is called.</p>
</div>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.4: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.flags">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">flags</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The struct sequence <em>flags</em> exposes the status of command line flags. The
attributes are read only.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="45%" />
<col width="55%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">attribute</th>
<th class="head">flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-d"><em class="xref std std-option">-d</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">py3k_warning</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-3"><em class="xref std std-option">-3</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">division_warning</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-Q"><em class="xref std std-option">-Q</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">division_new</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-Q"><em class="xref std std-option">-Qnew</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html#module-inspect" title="inspect: Extract information and source code from live objects."><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></tt></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-i"><em class="xref std std-option">-i</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">interactive</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-i"><em class="xref std std-option">-i</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">optimize</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-O"><em class="xref std std-option">-O</em></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-OO"><em class="xref std std-option">-OO</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#sys.dont_write_bytecode" title="sys.dont_write_bytecode"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">dont_write_bytecode</span></tt></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-B"><em class="xref std std-option">-B</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">no_user_site</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-s"><em class="xref std std-option">-s</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">no_site</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-S"><em class="xref std std-option">-S</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore_environment</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-E"><em class="xref std std-option">-E</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">tabcheck</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-t"><em class="xref std std-option">-t</em></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-t"><em class="xref std std-option">-tt</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-v"><em class="xref std std-option">-v</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-U"><em class="xref std std-option">-U</em></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes_warning</span></tt></td>
<td><em class="xref std std-option">-b</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_randomization</span></tt></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-R"><em class="xref std std-option">-R</em></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.3: </span>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_randomization</span></tt> attribute.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.float_info">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">float_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.float_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A structseq holding information about the float type. It contains low level
information about the precision and internal representation. The values
correspond to the various floating-point constants defined in the standard
header file <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">float.h</span></tt> for the ‘C’ programming language; see section
5.2.4.2.2 of the 1999 ISO/IEC C standard <a class="reference internal" href="#c99">[C99]</a>, ‘Characteristics of
floating types’, for details.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="24%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="57%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">attribute</th>
<th class="head">float.h macro</th>
<th class="head">explanation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">epsilon</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_EPSILON</td>
<td>difference between 1 and the least value greater
than 1 that is representable as a float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">dig</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_DIG</td>
<td>maximum number of decimal digits that can be
faithfully represented in a float; see below</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">mant_dig</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_MANT_DIG</td>
<td>float precision: the number of base-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">radix</span></tt>
digits in the significand of a float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#max" title="max"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">max</span></tt></a></td>
<td>DBL_MAX</td>
<td>maximum representable finite float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_exp</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_MAX_EXP</td>
<td>maximum integer e such that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">radix**(e-1)</span></tt> is
a representable finite float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_10_exp</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_MAX_10_EXP</td>
<td>maximum integer e such that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">10**e</span></tt> is in the
range of representable finite floats</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#min" title="min"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">min</span></tt></a></td>
<td>DBL_MIN</td>
<td>minimum positive normalized float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">min_exp</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_MIN_EXP</td>
<td>minimum integer e such that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">radix**(e-1)</span></tt> is
a normalized float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">min_10_exp</span></tt></td>
<td>DBL_MIN_10_EXP</td>
<td>minimum integer e such that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">10**e</span></tt> is a
normalized float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">radix</span></tt></td>
<td>FLT_RADIX</td>
<td>radix of exponent representation</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">rounds</span></tt></td>
<td>FLT_ROUNDS</td>
<td>integer constant representing the rounding mode
used for arithmetic operations. This reflects
the value of the system FLT_ROUNDS macro at
interpreter startup time. See section 5.2.4.2.2
of the C99 standard for an explanation of the
possible values and their meanings.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The attribute <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.float_info.dig</span></tt> needs further explanation. If
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span></tt> is any string representing a decimal number with at most
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.float_info.dig</span></tt> significant digits, then converting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span></tt> to a
float and back again will recover a string representing the same decimal
value:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float_info</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dig</span>
<span class="go">15</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'3.14159265358979'</span> <span class="c"># decimal string with 15 significant digits</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'.15g'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># convert to float and back -> same value</span>
<span class="go">'3.14159265358979'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>But for strings with more than <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.float_info.dig</span></tt> significant digits,
this isn’t always true:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'9876543211234567'</span> <span class="c"># 16 significant digits is too many!</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'.16g'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># conversion changes value</span>
<span class="go">'9876543211234568'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.float_repr_style">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">float_repr_style</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.float_repr_style" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string indicating how the <a class="reference internal" href="repr.html#module-repr" title="repr: Alternate repr() implementation with size limits."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></tt></a> function behaves for
floats. If the string has value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'short'</span></tt> then for a finite
float <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr(x)</span></tt> aims to produce a short string with the
property that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(repr(x))</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">x</span></tt>. This is the usual behaviour
in Python 2.7 and later. Otherwise, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float_repr_style</span></tt> has value
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'legacy'</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr(x)</span></tt> behaves in the same way as it did in
versions of Python prior to 2.7.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getcheckinterval">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getcheckinterval</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getcheckinterval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the interpreter’s “check interval”; see <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.setcheckinterval" title="sys.setcheckinterval"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">setcheckinterval()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getdefaultencoding">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getdefaultencoding</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getdefaultencoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode
implementation.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getdlopenflags">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getdlopenflags</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getdlopenflags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current value of the flags that are used for <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dlopen()</span></tt> calls.
The flag constants are defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="dl.html#module-dl" title="dl: Call C functions in shared objects. (deprecated) (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dl</span></tt></a> and <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">DLFCN</span></tt> modules.
Availability: Unix.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getfilesystemencoding">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getfilesystemencoding</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the name of the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system
file names, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if the system default encoding is used. The result value
depends on the operating system:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>On Mac OS X, the encoding is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>.</li>
<li>On Unix, the encoding is the user’s preference according to the result of
nl_langinfo(CODESET), or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nl_langinfo(CODESET)</span></tt>
failed.</li>
<li>On Windows NT+, file names are Unicode natively, so no conversion is
performed. <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getfilesystemencoding()</span></tt></a> still returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'mbcs'</span></tt>, as
this is the encoding that applications should use when they explicitly
want to convert Unicode strings to byte strings that are equivalent when
used as file names.</li>
<li>On Windows 9x, the encoding is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'mbcs'</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getrefcount">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getrefcount</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getrefcount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the reference count of the <em>object</em>. The count returned is generally one
higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as
an argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.getrefcount" title="sys.getrefcount"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getrefcount()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getrecursionlimit">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getrecursionlimit</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getrecursionlimit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python
interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an
overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. It can be set by
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.setrecursionlimit" title="sys.setrecursionlimit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">setrecursionlimit()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getsizeof">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getsizeof</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getsizeof" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the size of an object in bytes. The object can be any type of
object. All built-in objects will return correct results, but this
does not have to hold true for third-party extensions as it is implementation
specific.</p>
<p>If given, <em>default</em> will be returned if the object does not provide means to
retrieve the size. Otherwise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> will be raised.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#sys.getsizeof" title="sys.getsizeof"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getsizeof()</span></tt></a> calls the object’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt> method and adds an
additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage
collector.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys._getframe">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">_getframe</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>depth</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys._getframe" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer <em>depth</em> is
given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack. If
that is deeper than the call stack, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is raised. The default
for <em>depth</em> is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.
It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getprofile">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getprofile</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getprofile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-2">Get the profiler function as set by <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.setprofile" title="sys.setprofile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">setprofile()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.gettrace">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">gettrace</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.gettrace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-3">Get the trace function as set by <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.settrace" title="sys.settrace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">settrace()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> The <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.gettrace" title="sys.gettrace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettrace()</span></tt></a> function is intended only for implementing debuggers,
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and
thus may not be available in all Python implementations.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.getwindowsversion">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">getwindowsversion</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.getwindowsversion" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a named tuple describing the Windows version
currently running. The named elements are <em>major</em>, <em>minor</em>,
<em>build</em>, <em>platform</em>, <em>service_pack</em>, <em>service_pack_minor</em>,
<em>service_pack_major</em>, <em>suite_mask</em>, and <em>product_type</em>.
<em>service_pack</em> contains a string while all other values are
integers. The components can also be accessed by name, so
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getwindowsversion()[0]</span></tt> is equivalent to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.getwindowsversion().major</span></tt>. For compatibility with prior
versions, only the first 5 elements are retrievable by indexing.</p>
<p><em>platform</em> may be one of the following values:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="62%" />
<col width="38%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Constant</th>
<th class="head">Platform</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span> <span class="pre">(VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s)</span></tt></td>
<td>Win32s on Windows 3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span> <span class="pre">(VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_WINDOWS)</span></tt></td>
<td>Windows 95/98/ME</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">(VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT)</span></tt></td>
<td>Windows NT/2000/XP/x64</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">3</span> <span class="pre">(VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_CE)</span></tt></td>
<td>Windows CE</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>product_type</em> may be one of the following values:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="54%" />
<col width="46%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Constant</th>
<th class="head">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span> <span class="pre">(VER_NT_WORKSTATION)</span></tt></td>
<td>The system is a workstation.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">(VER_NT_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER)</span></tt></td>
<td>The system is a domain
controller.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">3</span> <span class="pre">(VER_NT_SERVER)</span></tt></td>
<td>The system is a server, but not
a domain controller.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function wraps the Win32 <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">GetVersionEx()</span></tt> function; see the
Microsoft documentation on <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">OSVERSIONINFOEX()</span></tt> for more information
about these fields.</p>
<p>Availability: Windows.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Changed to a named tuple and added <em>service_pack_minor</em>,
<em>service_pack_major</em>, <em>suite_mask</em>, and <em>product_type</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.hexversion">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">hexversion</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.hexversion" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The version number encoded as a single integer. This is guaranteed to increase
with each version, including proper support for non-production releases. For
example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexversion</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="mh">0x010502F0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c"># use some advanced feature</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c"># use an alternative implementation or warn the user</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hexversion</span></tt> since it only really looks meaningful when viewed
as the result of passing it to the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#hex" title="hex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hex()</span></tt></a> function. The
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version_info</span></tt> value may be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the
same information.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hexversion</span></tt> is a 32-bit number with the following layout:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="34%" />
<col width="66%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Bits (big endian order)</th>
<th class="head">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">1-8</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PY_MAJOR_VERSION</span></tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.1.0a3</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">9-16</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PY_MINOR_VERSION</span></tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.1.0a3</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">17-24</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PY_MICRO_VERSION</span></tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.1.0a3</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">25-28</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PY_RELEASE_LEVEL</span></tt> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0xA</span></tt> for alpha,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0xB</span></tt> for beta, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0xC</span></tt> for release
candidate and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0xF</span></tt> for final)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">29-32</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PY_RELEASE_SERIAL</span></tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">3</span></tt> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.1.0a3</span></tt>, zero for final releases)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Thus <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.1.0a3</span></tt> is hexversion <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0x020100a3</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.long_info">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">long_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.long_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A struct sequence that holds information about Python’s
internal representation of integers. The attributes are read only.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="35%" />
<col width="65%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Explanation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">bits_per_digit</span></tt></td>
<td>number of bits held in each digit. Python
integers are stored internally in base
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2**long_info.bits_per_digit</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">sizeof_digit</span></tt></td>
<td>size in bytes of the C type used to
represent a digit</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.last_type">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">last_type</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.last_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.last_value">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">last_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.last_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.last_traceback">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">last_traceback</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.last_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>These three variables are not always defined; they are set when an exception is
not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback.
Their intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module
and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command
that caused the error. (Typical use is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">pdb;</span> <span class="pre">pdb.pm()</span></tt> to enter the
post-mortem debugger; see chapter <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#debugger"><em>pdb — The Python Debugger</em></a> for
more information.)</p>
<p>The meaning of the variables is the same as that of the return values from
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_info()</span></tt></a> above. (Since there is only one interactive thread,
thread-safety is not a concern for these variables, unlike for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_type</span></tt>
etc.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.maxint">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">maxint</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.maxint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The largest positive integer supported by Python’s regular integer type. This
is at least 2**31-1. The largest negative integer is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-maxint-1</span></tt> — the
asymmetry results from the use of 2’s complement binary arithmetic.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.maxsize">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">maxsize</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.maxsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The largest positive integer supported by the platform’s Py_ssize_t type,
and thus the maximum size lists, strings, dicts, and many other containers
can have.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.maxunicode">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">maxunicode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.maxunicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An integer giving the largest supported code point for a Unicode character. The
value of this depends on the configuration option that specifies whether Unicode
characters are stored as UCS-2 or UCS-4.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.meta_path">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">meta_path</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.meta_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A list of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-finder"><em class="xref std std-term">finder</em></a> objects that have their <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">find_module()</span></tt>
methods called to see if one of the objects can find the module to be
imported. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">find_module()</span></tt> method is called at least with the
absolute name of the module being imported. If the module to be imported is
contained in package then the parent package’s <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__path__</span></tt> attribute
is passed in as a second argument. The method returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if
the module cannot be found, else returns a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-loader"><em class="xref std std-term">loader</em></a>.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#sys.meta_path" title="sys.meta_path"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.meta_path</span></tt></a> is searched before any implicit default finders or
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.path" title="sys.path"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>See <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> for the original specification.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.modules">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">modules</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.modules" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-5">This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been
loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks.
Note that removing a module from this dictionary is <em>not</em> the same as calling
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#reload" title="reload"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">reload()</span></tt></a> on the corresponding module object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.path">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">path</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-6">A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. Initialized from
the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></tt></a>, plus an installation-dependent
default.</p>
<p>As initialized upon program startup, the first item of this list, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">path[0]</span></tt>,
is the directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python
interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the interpreter
is invoked interactively or if the script is read from standard input),
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">path[0]</span></tt> is the empty string, which directs Python to search modules in the
current directory first. Notice that the script directory is inserted <em>before</em>
the entries inserted as a result of <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>A program is free to modify this list for its own purposes.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3: </span>Unicode strings are no longer ignored.</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last">Module <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></tt></a> This describes how to use .pth files to extend
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.path" title="sys.path"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></tt></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.path_hooks">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">path_hooks</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.path_hooks" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A list of callables that take a path argument to try to create a
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-finder"><em class="xref std std-term">finder</em></a> for the path. If a finder can be created, it is to be
returned by the callable, else raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ImportError" title="exceptions.ImportError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImportError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>Originally specified in <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.path_importer_cache">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">path_importer_cache</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.path_importer_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A dictionary acting as a cache for <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-finder"><em class="xref std std-term">finder</em></a> objects. The keys are
paths that have been passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.path_hooks" title="sys.path_hooks"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path_hooks</span></tt></a> and the values are
the finders that are found. If a path is a valid file system path but no
explicit finder is found on <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.path_hooks" title="sys.path_hooks"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path_hooks</span></tt></a> then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is
stored to represent the implicit default finder should be used. If the path
is not an existing path then <a class="reference internal" href="imp.html#imp.NullImporter" title="imp.NullImporter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">imp.NullImporter</span></tt></a> is set.</p>
<p>Originally specified in <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.platform">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">platform</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.platform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This string contains a platform identifier that can be used to append
platform-specific components to <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.path" title="sys.path"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></tt></a>, for instance.</p>
<p>For most Unix systems, this is the lowercased OS name as returned by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uname</span>
<span class="pre">-s</span></tt> with the first part of the version as returned by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uname</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></tt> appended,
e.g. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'sunos5'</span></tt>, <em>at the time when Python was built</em>. Unless you want to
test for a specific system version, it is therefore recommended to use the
following idiom:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'):
# FreeBSD-specific code here...
elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
# Linux-specific code here...</pre>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7.3: </span>Since lots of code check for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.platform</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'linux2'</span></tt>, and there is
no essential change between Linux 2.x and 3.x, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.platform</span></tt> is always
set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'linux2'</span></tt>, even on Linux 3.x. In Python 3.3 and later, the
value will always be set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'linux'</span></tt>, so it is recommended to always
use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">startswith</span></tt> idiom presented above.</p>
<p>For other systems, the values are:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="44%" />
<col width="56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">System</th>
<th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#module-platform" title="platform: Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible."><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></tt></a> value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>Linux (2.x <em>and</em> 3.x)</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'linux2'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Windows</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'win32'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Windows/Cygwin</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'cygwin'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Mac OS X</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'darwin'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>OS/2</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'os2'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>OS/2 EMX</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'os2emx'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>RiscOS</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'riscos'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>AtheOS</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'atheos'</span></tt></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.name" title="os.name"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.name</span></tt></a> has a coarser granularity. <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.uname" title="os.uname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.uname()</span></tt></a> gives
system-dependent version information.</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#module-platform" title="platform: Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></tt></a> module provides detailed checks for the
system’s identity.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.prefix">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">prefix</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.prefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform
independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/usr/local'</span></tt>. This can be set at build time with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--prefix</span></tt>
argument to the <strong class="program">configure</strong> script. The main collection of Python
library modules is installed in the directory <tt class="file docutils literal"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em></tt>
while the platform independent header files (all except <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyconfig.h</span></tt>) are
stored in <tt class="file docutils literal"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em></tt>, where <em>X.Y</em> is the version
number of Python, for example <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.7</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.ps1">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">ps1</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.ps1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.ps2">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">ps2</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.ps2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-11">Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the interpreter. These
are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. Their initial
values in this case are <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'>>></span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'...</span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt>. If a non-string object is
assigned to either variable, its <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">str()</span></tt></a> is re-evaluated each time the
interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be used to
implement a dynamic prompt.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.py3kwarning">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">py3kwarning</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.py3kwarning" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bool containing the status of the Python 3 warning flag. It’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>
when Python is started with the -3 option. (This should be considered
read-only; setting it to a different value doesn’t have an effect on
Python 3 warnings.)</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.setcheckinterval">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">setcheckinterval</tt><big>(</big><em>interval</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.setcheckinterval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the interpreter’s “check interval”. This integer value determines how often
the interpreter checks for periodic things such as thread switches and signal
handlers. The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">100</span></tt>, meaning the check is performed every 100
Python virtual instructions. Setting it to a larger value may increase
performance for programs using threads. Setting it to a value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><=</span></tt> 0 checks
every virtual instruction, maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.setdefaultencoding">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">setdefaultencoding</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.setdefaultencoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. If
<em>name</em> does not match any available encoding, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.LookupError" title="exceptions.LookupError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">LookupError</span></tt></a> is raised.
This function is only intended to be used by the <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></tt></a> module
implementation and, where needed, by <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sitecustomize</span></tt>. Once used by the
<a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></tt></a> module, it is removed from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt></a> module’s namespace.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.setdlopenflags">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">setdlopenflags</tt><big>(</big><em>n</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.setdlopenflags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the flags used by the interpreter for <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dlopen()</span></tt> calls, such as when
the interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable a
lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.setdlopenflags(0)</span></tt>. To share symbols across extension modules, call as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">dl.RTLD_GLOBAL)</span></tt>. Symbolic names for the
flag modules can be either found in the <a class="reference internal" href="dl.html#module-dl" title="dl: Call C functions in shared objects. (deprecated) (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dl</span></tt></a> module, or in the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">DLFCN</span></tt>
module. If <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">DLFCN</span></tt> is not available, it can be generated from
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/include/dlfcn.h</span></tt> using the <strong class="program">h2py</strong> script. Availability:
Unix.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.setprofile">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">setprofile</tt><big>(</big><em>profilefunc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.setprofile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-12">Set the system’s profile function, which allows you to implement a Python source
code profiler in Python. See chapter <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#profile"><em>The Python Profilers</em></a> for more information on the
Python profiler. The system’s profile function is called similarly to the
system’s trace function (see <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.settrace" title="sys.settrace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">settrace()</span></tt></a>), but it isn’t called for each
executed line of code (only on call and return, but the return event is reported
even when an exception has been set). The function is thread-specific, but
there is no way for the profiler to know about context switches between threads,
so it does not make sense to use this in the presence of multiple threads. Also,
its return value is not used, so it can simply return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.setrecursionlimit">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">setrecursionlimit</tt><big>(</big><em>limit</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.setrecursionlimit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to <em>limit</em>. This limit
prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing
Python.</p>
<p>The highest possible limit is platform-dependent. A user may need to set the
limit higher when she has a program that requires deep recursion and a platform
that supports a higher limit. This should be done with care, because a too-high
limit can lead to a crash.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.settrace">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">settrace</tt><big>(</big><em>tracefunc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.settrace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-13">Set the system’s trace function, which allows you to implement a Python
source code debugger in Python. The function is thread-specific; for a
debugger to support multiple threads, it must be registered using
<a class="reference internal" href="#sys.settrace" title="sys.settrace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">settrace()</span></tt></a> for each thread being debugged.</p>
<p>Trace functions should have three arguments: <em>frame</em>, <em>event</em>, and
<em>arg</em>. <em>frame</em> is the current stack frame. <em>event</em> is a string: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'call'</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'line'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'return'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'exception'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_call'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_return'</span></tt>, or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_exception'</span></tt>. <em>arg</em> depends on the event type.</p>
<p>The trace function is invoked (with <em>event</em> set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'call'</span></tt>) whenever a new
local scope is entered; it should return a reference to a local trace
function to be used that scope, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if the scope shouldn’t be traced.</p>
<p>The local trace function should return a reference to itself (or to another
function for further tracing in that scope), or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> to turn off tracing
in that scope.</p>
<p>The events have the following meaning:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'call'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A function is called (or some other code block entered). The
global trace function is called; <em>arg</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>; the return value
specifies the local trace function.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'line'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code or re-execute the
condition of a loop. The local trace function is called; <em>arg</em> is
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>; the return value specifies the new local trace function. See
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Objects/lnotab_notes.txt</span></tt> for a detailed explanation of how this
works.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'return'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace
function is called; <em>arg</em> is the value that will be returned, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>
if the event is caused by an exception being raised. The trace function’s
return value is ignored.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'exception'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; <em>arg</em> is a
tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(exception,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">traceback)</span></tt>; the return value specifies the
new local trace function.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_call'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A C function is about to be called. This may be an extension function or
a built-in. <em>arg</em> is the C function object.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_return'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A C function has returned. <em>arg</em> is the C function object.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c_exception'</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A C function has raised an exception. <em>arg</em> is the C function object.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'exception'</span></tt> event is generated at each level.</p>
<p>For more information on code and frame objects, refer to <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#types"><em>The standard type hierarchy</em></a>.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> The <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.settrace" title="sys.settrace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">settrace()</span></tt></a> function is intended only for implementing debuggers,
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and
thus may not be available in all Python implementations.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.settscdump">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">settscdump</tt><big>(</big><em>on_flag</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.settscdump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Activate dumping of VM measurements using the Pentium timestamp counter, if
<em>on_flag</em> is true. Deactivate these dumps if <em>on_flag</em> is off. The function is
available only if Python was compiled with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-tsc</span></tt>. To understand
the output of this dump, read <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Python/ceval.c</span></tt> in the Python sources.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> This function is intimately bound to CPython implementation details and
thus not likely to be implemented elsewhere.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.stdin">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">stdin</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.stdin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.stdout">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">stdout</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.stdout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.stderr">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">stderr</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.stderr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-14">File objects corresponding to the interpreter’s standard input, output and error
streams. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdin</span></tt> is used for all interpreter input except for scripts but
including calls to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">input()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#raw_input" title="raw_input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></tt></a>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdout</span></tt> is used for
the output of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-expression"><em class="xref std std-term">expression</em></a> statements and for the
prompts of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">input()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#raw_input" title="raw_input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></tt></a>. The interpreter’s own prompts
and (almost all of) its error messages go to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stderr</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdout</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stderr</span></tt> needn’t be built-in file objects: any object is acceptable as long
as it has a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> method that takes a string argument. (Changing these
objects doesn’t affect the standard I/O streams of processes executed by
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen" title="os.popen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.system" title="os.system"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></tt></a> or the <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec*()</span></tt> family of functions in
the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt></a> module.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.__stdin__">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">__stdin__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.__stdin__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.__stdout__">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">__stdout__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.__stdout__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="sys.__stderr__">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">__stderr__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.__stderr__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>These objects contain the original values of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdin</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stderr</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdout</span></tt> at the start of the program. They are used during finalization,
and could be useful to print to the actual standard stream no matter if the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.std*</span></tt> object has been redirected.</p>
<p>It can also be used to restore the actual files to known working file objects
in case they have been overwritten with a broken object. However, the
preferred way to do this is to explicitly save the previous stream before
replacing it, and restore the saved object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.subversion">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">subversion</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.subversion" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A triple (repo, branch, version) representing the Subversion information of the
Python interpreter. <em>repo</em> is the name of the repository, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'CPython'</span></tt>.
<em>branch</em> is a string of one of the forms <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'trunk'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'branches/name'</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'tags/name'</span></tt>. <em>version</em> is the output of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">svnversion</span></tt>, if the interpreter
was built from a Subversion checkout; it contains the revision number (range)
and possibly a trailing ‘M’ if there were local modifications. If the tree was
exported (or svnversion was not available), it is the revision of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Include/patchlevel.h</span></tt> if the branch is a tag. Otherwise, it is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Python is now <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/devguide/">developed</a> using
Mercurial. In recent Python 2.7 bugfix releases, <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.subversion" title="sys.subversion"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">subversion</span></tt></a>
therefore contains placeholder information. It is removed in Python
3.3.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.tracebacklimit">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">tracebacklimit</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.tracebacklimit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the maximum number
of levels of traceback information printed when an unhandled exception occurs.
The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1000</span></tt>. When set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> or less, all traceback information
is suppressed and only the exception type and value are printed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.version">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">version</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string containing the version number of the Python interpreter plus additional
information on the build number and compiler used. This string is displayed
when the interactive interpreter is started. Do not extract version information
out of it, rather, use <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.version_info" title="sys.version_info"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">version_info</span></tt></a> and the functions provided by the
<a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#module-platform" title="platform: Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></tt></a> module.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.api_version">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">api_version</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.api_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The C API version for this interpreter. Programmers may find this useful when
debugging version conflicts between Python and extension modules.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.version_info">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">version_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.version_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A tuple containing the five components of the version number: <em>major</em>, <em>minor</em>,
<em>micro</em>, <em>releaselevel</em>, and <em>serial</em>. All values except <em>releaselevel</em> are
integers; the release level is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'alpha'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'beta'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'candidate'</span></tt>, or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'final'</span></tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version_info</span></tt> value corresponding to the Python version 2.0
is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(2,</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">'final',</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></tt>. The components can also be accessed by name,
so <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.version_info[0]</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.version_info.major</span></tt>
and so on.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Added named component attributes</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.warnoptions">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">warnoptions</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.warnoptions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is an implementation detail of the warnings framework; do not modify this
value. Refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html#module-warnings" title="warnings: Issue warning messages and control their disposition."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">warnings</span></tt></a> module for more information on the warnings
framework.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="sys.winver">
<tt class="descclassname">sys.</tt><tt class="descname">winver</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.winver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The version number used to form registry keys on Windows platforms. This is
stored as string resource 1000 in the Python DLL. The value is normally the
first three characters of <a class="reference internal" href="#sys.version" title="sys.version"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt></a>. It is provided in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt></a>
module for informational purposes; modifying this value has no effect on the
registry keys used by Python. Availability: Windows.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p class="rubric">Citations</p>
<table class="docutils citation" frame="void" id="c99" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[C99]</a></td><td>ISO/IEC 9899:1999. “Programming languages – C.” A public draft of this standard is available at <a class="reference external" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf</a> .</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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